Q.If f(x)=0x+ax+bx−a0x+cx−bx−c0, then
(A) f(a)=0
(B) f(b)=0
(C) f(0)=0
(D) f(1)=0
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🔒 Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Concept understanding — Determinant Evaluation Using Identities
Determinant Evaluation Using Identities
Expanding a 4×4 or 5×5 determinant term by term is painful and error-prone. The smarter route is to transform the determinant into an easy form using properties (the "identities") that change its value in a known, controlled way — then read the answer off a triangular matrix.
The geometric intuition
A determinant measures the signed "volume" of the box spanned by the rows in n-dimensional space. Sliding one row parallel to another doesn't change that volume; swapping two rows flips its sign; scaling a row scales the volume. The algebraic identities are just these facts translated into rules.
The three row (or column) operations
- Swap two rows: det→−det (sign flips).
- Scale a row by k: det→kdet (the factor comes out).
- Add a multiple of one row to a different row (Ri→Ri+λRj, i=j): det unchanged.
The identical rules hold for columns. There is also row-wise linearity: if a row is a sum Ri=Ri′+Ri′′, the determinant splits into the sum of two determinants with all other rows fixed.
Row-wise linearity is not det(A+B)=detA+detB — that is false. The splitting works one row at a time.
The strategy
- Use operation 3 to create zeros in a row or column (value unchanged).
- Factor out common factors with operation 2.
- Swap rows if needed to reach upper-triangular form (track the sign change).
- The determinant is then the product of the diagonal entries.
Worked example
det1472583610.
Apply R2→R2−4R1 and R3→R3−7R1 (no change), then R3→R3−2R2: …
Concept: Determinant Evaluation Using Identities — notice the skew-symmetric pattern on the diagonal (all zeros).
Step 1: Write f(x) and observe that each row has a mix of x± constants.
Step 2: Substitute x=a:
f(a)=02aa+b00a+ca−ba−c0
The first row has two zeros, so expanding along row 1:
f(a)=0⋅(…)−0⋅(…)+(a−b)⋅2aa+b0a+c=(a−b)(2a(a+c)−0)=2a(a−b)(a+c)
This is zero only if a=0 or a=b or a=−c — not identically zero.
Step 3: Substitute x=b:
f(b)=0b+a2bb−a0b+c0b−c0
First row has zeros at columns 1 and 3, expand along row 1: …
Expanding the determinant gives f(x)=2x(x2+ac−ab−bc), so f(0)=0. Correct option: (C).
Expand along the first row (the (1,1) entry is 0):
f(x)=(x−a)(x−c)(x+b)+(x−b)(x+a)(x+c).
Multiplying out and collecting powers of x, the x2 terms and the constant terms cancel:
f(x)=2x3+2(ac−ab−bc)x=2x(x2+ac−ab−bc). …
Method: Testing Specific Substitutions in a Determinant Function
When a question asks which value of x makes a determinant function f(x) vanish, it is usually far faster to substitute each candidate value directly and look for a structural pattern that forces zero, rather than expanding f(x) symbolically in full.
Steps
Step 1: Substitute each candidate value one at a time
Plug each option's value of x into the determinant separately, rewriting the matrix's entries with that specific substitution.
Step 2: Look for a structural pattern that forces the determinant to zero
Check for a row of zeros, two identical rows/columns, or — critically — a skew-symmetric pattern: a zero diagonal with off-diagonal entries in mirrored +/− pairs, aij=−aji.
Step 3: Apply the odd-order skew-symmetric determinant rule
det(A)=0 whenever AT=−A and A has odd order …
Common Mistakes
Mistake 1: Fully expanding f(x) symbolically instead of substituting candidate values directly
Why it's wrong: Expanding f(x) as a general cubic in x with three extra parameters a,b,c is long and highly error-prone; the question only asks which specific substitution gives zero, which is far faster to test directly. Correct approach: substitute each option's value of x into the determinant and look for a structural reason (zero row, repeated row, or skew-symmetry) that forces it to vanish.
Mistake 2: Not recognizing that f(0)'s matrix is skew-symmetric of odd order …
Showing the 12 most recent of 18 on this concept.
- KEAM 2026Set eng-2026-04184 marksMCQQ.Let f(x)=−101x1−132x1. Then the value of f(−1) is equal to (A) 6 (B) -4 (C) -2 (D) 2 (E) 0
›Reveal solutionSolution
At x=−1 the determinant evaluates to 0.
At x=−1 the matrix is −101−11−13−21. Expanding along the first column: …
- KEAM 2025Set eng-2025-04294 marksMCQQ.If α+β+γ=0, then eαeβeγe2αe2βe2γe3α−1e3β−1e3γ−1= (A) e−1 (B) e (C) e2 (D) e3 (E) 0
›Reveal solutionSolution
Let a=eα,b=eβ,c=eγ, so abc=eα+β+γ=1. Split the third column a3−1=a3+(−1); the two resulting Vandermonde determinants are equal and cancel, giving 0.
Write the rows as (a,a2,a3−1) etc. By column-linearity the determinant splits as D1−D2 where
D1=abca2b2c2a3b3c3=abc111abca2b2c2=abc,V, …
- KEAM 2021Set eng-2021-P2-B14 marksMCQQ.Let x−1212x−1x+212x−1=ax3+bx2+cx+d, where a,b,c and d are constants. Then the value of d is (A) −8 (B) 6 (C) 0 (D) −6 (E) 16
›Reveal solutionSolution
Setting x=0 gives the constant term d=16.
Concept and Intuition
Writing the determinant as ax3+bx2+cx+d, the constant d equals the value at x=0, since all x-bearing terms vanish there.
Step-by-Step Solution
- At x=0 the matrix is −1212−1212−1.
- Expand: −1((−1)(−1)−2⋅2)−2(2⋅(−1)−2⋅1)+1(2⋅2−(−1)⋅1). …
- KEAM 2025Set eng-2025-04284 marksMCQQ.Let Δ=xx+y1yy+1x1x+1y. If x+y=−1, then the value of Δ is equal to (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0 (E) -3
›Reveal solutionSolution
Expanding Δ and substituting x+y=−1, every term reduces to 0 because it carries a factor x+y+1=0.
Expanding along the first row:
Δ=x[(y+1)y−(x+1)x]−y[(x+y)y−(x+1)]+[(x+y)x−(y+1)].
With x+y=−1:
- First term: x[(y2−x2)+(y−x)]=x(y−x)(x+y+1)=x(y−x)(0)=0. …
- KEAM 2022Set eng-2022-P2-B14 marksMCQQ.sinαsinβsinγcos(α+θ)cos(β+θ)cos(γ+θ)cosαcosβcosγ= (A) −1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4 (E) 0
›Reveal solutionSolution
The determinant equals 0.
Concept and Intuition
A determinant is zero when one column is a linear combination of the others.
Step-by-Step Solution
- Expand cos(ϕ+θ)=cosθcosϕ−sinθsinϕ for each row's middle entry.
- So column 2 =cosθ(column of cosϕ)−sinθ(column of sinϕ).
- Column of cosϕ is column 3, column of sinϕ is column 1.
- Thus C2=cosθC3−sinθC1: columns are linearly dependent. …
- KEAM 2026Set eng-2026-04204 marksMCQQ.The value of the determinant (105+10−5)2(1006+100−6)2(6100+6−100)2(105−10−5)2(1006−100−6)2(6100−6−100)2111 is equal to (A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 0 (D) 6000 (E) 60600
›Reveal solutionSolution
In every row the two entries are (P+Q)2 and (P−Q)2 with PQ=1, so C1−C2=4PQ=4 for all rows. That makes column C1−C2 a multiple of the all-ones column C3; two proportional columns force the determinant to be 0.
In each row the entries have the form (P+Q)2, (P−Q)2, 1, where:
- Row 1: P=105, Q=10−5, PQ=1.
- Row 2: P=1006, Q=100−6, PQ=1.
- Row 3: P=6100, Q=6−100, PQ=1.
Apply the column operation C1→C1−C2. For every row, …
- KEAM 2026Set eng-2026-04224 marksMCQQ.The value of sin30∘sin45∘sin60∘cos30∘cos45∘cos60∘sin(30∘+75∘)sin(45∘+75∘)sin(60∘+75∘) is equal to (A) −2 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) 2
›Reveal solutionSolution
The third column is a fixed linear combination of the first two, forcing a zero determinant.
Each entry of column 3 is sin(θ+75∘)=sinθcos75∘+cosθsin75∘. …
- KEAM 2026Set eng-2026-04194 marksMCQQ.111112111131 is equal to (A) 7100 (B) 6800 (C) 7300 (D) 6900 (E) 6700
›Reveal solutionSolution
Cofactor expansion along the first row gives 7100.
Expansion. For 111112111131:
=11(21⋅31−1⋅1)−1(1⋅31−1⋅1)+1(1⋅1−21⋅1) …
- KEAM 2025Set eng-2025-04254 marksMCQQ.The numbers a1,a2,a3,a4,a5 and a6 are in G.P. If a1=2 and the common ratio r=21, then the value of a1a3a5a2a4a6111 is equal to (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 21 (D) 4 (E) 0
›Reveal solutionSolution
Two columns are proportional, forcing the determinant to zero.
With a1=2,r=21: the terms are 2,1,21,41,81,161.
In the determinant
a1a3a5a2a4a6111, …
- KEAM 2021Set eng-2021-P2-B14 marksMCQQ.The value of the determinant 432423222433323 is (A) 52 (B) −24 (C) 24 (D) 48 (E) −48
›Reveal solutionSolution
The determinant equals −48.
Concept and Intuition
Each row (k,k2,k3) has a common factor k, which can be pulled out of the determinant. The remaining determinant is a small 3×3 evaluation.
Step-by-Step Solution
- Factor 4,3,2 from rows 1,2,3: value =4⋅3⋅21114321694=24D.
- Expand D=1(3⋅4−9⋅2)−4(1⋅4−9⋅1)+16(1⋅2−3⋅1). …
- KEAM 2024Set eng-2024-06074 marksMCQQ.Let A=a1a2a3b1b2b3c1c2c3 and B=a12a24a32b14b28b34c18c216c3. If ∣B∣=16, then the value of ∣A∣ is equal to (A) 4 (B) 41 (C) 8 (D) 81 (E) 16
›Reveal solutionSolution
Pull common factors out of each row and each column of B.
Rows of B are (a1,2b1,4c1), 2(a2,2b2,4c2), 4(a3,2b3,4c3), giving a row factor 1⋅2⋅4=8. The remaining matrix has columns with factors 1,2,4, giving a column factor 1⋅2⋅4=8, and what remains i …
- KEAM 2024Set eng-2024-06094 marksMCQQ.Let A=(aij) be a square matrix of order 3 and let Mij be the minors of aij. If M11=−40,M12=−10,M13=35 and a11=1,a12=3,a13=−2 then the value of ∣A∣ is equal to (A) -100 (B) -80 (C) 0 (D) 60 (E) 80
›Reveal solutionSolution
Convert minors to cofactors with alternating signs, then expand: ∣A∣=−80.
Cofactors: C11=+M11=−40, C12=−M12=10, C13=+M13=35.
Expanding along the first row: …
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