Q.The rule of 'one member, one vote' is a direct expression of which principle of co-operation?

'One member, one vote' means voting power depends on the person, not on capital held — this is the very definition of democratic control by members.

The other principles deal with who may join, how capital and surplus are handled, and the society's duty to its community — not with how votes are cast.

The principle of Democratic Member Control states that a co-operative is controlled by its members, with each member having a single vote regardless of shareholding — the well-known 'one member, one vote' rule.

Option-by-option analysis:

• (a) Voluntary and Open Membership — incorrect. This principle concerns freedom to join or leave and non-discriminatory admission, not the manner of voting.
• (b) Member Economic Participation — incorrect. This deals with members contributing capital, limited return on capital, and democratic use of surplus.
• (c) Democratic Member Control — correct. 'One member, one vote' is its central rule: control rests with members as persons, not with the size of their capital. This is what distinguishes a co-operative's voting from a joint-stock company's shareholding-based voting.
• (d) Concern for Community — incorrect. This is the society's outward duty towards the community, unrelated to voting.