Q.An expression in $\tan A$ and $\sec A$ is equal to: A) $2\,\text{cosec}\,A$ B) $2\sec A$ C) $2\sin A$ D) $2\cos A$ (the printed source scan is corrupted at the exact arrangement of the expression whose value is being asked).

A trigonometric identity is an equation in trigonometric functions that holds for every admissible value of the angle, not just for special ones. The three fundamental identities all descend from a single geometric fact — that a point (cosθ, sinθ) always lies on the unit circle, so $x^2+y^2=1$ becomes

Dividing this identity through by $\cos^2\theta$ gives $\tan^2\theta + 1 = \sec^2\theta$, i.e. $1+\tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta$ (valid wherever cosθ ≠ 0); dividing instead by $\sin^2\theta$ gives $1+\cot^2\theta=\text{cosec}^2\theta$ (valid wherever sinθ ≠ 0). These three identities are the basic toolkit for simplifying trigonometric expressions: they let you rewrite $\sec^2\theta - 1$ as $\tan^2\theta$, combine fractions with denominators like $1-\sin\theta$ and $1+\sin\theta$ (whose product is $\cos^2\theta$), find one trigonometric function once another is known (up to a sign fixed by the quadrant), turn an equation like $2\sin^2\theta+7\cos\theta=5$ into a solvable quadratic in a single ratio, and prove that two differently-written expressions are actually equal. Nearly every worked example and identity-proof in this chapter reduces, at some step, to applying one of these three relations.