Q.State the Biot-Savart law. Using this law, find an expression for the magnetic field at a point $P$ which is at a distance $x$, on the axis of a circular current-carrying loop of radius $R$. Also find the magnetic field if point $P$ lies at the centre of the loop. (1+3+1=5) OR An AC voltage $v = v_0\sin\omega t$ is applied across a pure inductor of inductance $L$. Show mathematically that the current flowing through it lags behind the applied voltage by a phase angle of $\pi/2$. Explain the term 'inductive reactance' and show that a pure inductor acts as a conductor for DC. (3+1+1=5)

Each current element contributes a Biot–Savart field perpendicular to the line joining it to the axial point; by symmetry the components perpendicular to the axis cancel in pairs, and only the axial components survive, integrating to $B=\mu_0IR^2/2(R^2+x^2)^{3/2}$.

Setup

Consider a circular coil of radius $R$, carrying current $I$, lying in a plane. Let $P$ be a point on the axis of the coil, at a distance $x$ from the centre $O$.

Every current element $I\,d\vec l$ on the coil is at the same distance from $P$:

$r=\sqrt{R^2+x^2}$

Biot–Savart law for one element

$d\vec B = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\frac{I\,d\vec l\times\hat r}{r^2}$

Since $d\vec l$ (tangential to the circle) is perpendicular to $\vec r$ (the line from the element to $P$) for every element on the coil, $|d\vec l\times\hat r|=dl$, so the magnitude of each contribution is:

$dB=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\frac{I\,dl}{r^2}=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\frac{I\,dl}{R^2+x^2}$

The direction of $d\vec B$ is perpendicular to the plane containing $d\vec l$ and $\vec r$.

Resolving into axial and perpendicular components

By symmetry, resolve each $d\vec B$ into a component along the axis ($dB_x$) and a component perpendicular to the axis ($dB_\perp$, lying in the plane perpendicular to the axis). For every element, there is a diametrically opposite element on the coil whose perpendicular component $dB_\perp$ points in exactly the opposite direction — so summing over the whole coil, all the perpendicular components cancel out in pairs. Only the axial components survive and add up.

The axial component of each element's contribution is:

$dB_x = dB\sin\theta,\qquad \text{where}\ \sin\theta=\frac{R}{r}=\frac{R}{\sqrt{R^2+x^2}}$

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Applying the Biot-Savart law to every current element of the loop and integrating, the components perpendicular to the axis cancel by symmetry, leaving a net axial field.

Consider a circular loop of radius R carrying current I, lying in a plane, and let P be a point on its axis at a distance x from the centre O.

By the Biot-Savart law, a current element $Id\vec{l}$ at the top of the loop produces a field at P of magnitude:

$dB = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,dl\sin 90°}{r^2} = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,dl}{R^2+x^2}$

(since $d\vec{l}$ is always perpendicular to $\vec{r}$, the line joining the element to P, and $r = \sqrt{R^2+x^2}$), directed perpendicular to r, in the plane containing the axis and r.

This $dB$ can be resolved into a component $dB\cos\theta$ along the axis (where $\cos\theta = R/\sqrt{R^2+x^2}$) and a component $dB\sin\theta$ perpendicular to the axis. By symmetry, for every element there is a diametrically opposite element whose perpendicular component exactly cancels it, while the axial components from all elements add up.

Integrating the axial component around the full loop (circumference $2\pi R$):

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Apply the Biot–Savart law to a current element, sum the axial components (the perpendicular components cancel by symmetry) around the whole loop.

Consider a circular coil of radius $a$ carrying current $I$, and a point $P$ on its axis at distance $x$ from the centre $O$.

Take a small current element $I\,d\vec l$ on the loop. The distance from this element to $P$ is

$r = \sqrt{a^2 + x^2}$

By the Biot–Savart law, the magnetic field due to this element at $P$ has magnitude

$dB = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,dl\,\sin 90^\circ}{r^2} = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,dl}{a^2+x^2}$

(since $d\vec l$ is tangent to the loop and $\vec r$ from the element to $P$ is always perpendicular to $d\vec l$), and $d\vec B$ is perpendicular to $r$, i.e. it lies in the plane containing the axis and makes an angle $\theta$ with the axis, where $\cos\theta = \dfrac{x}{r}$... actually $\sin\theta = a/r$ (angle between $d\vec B$ and the axis relates to the geometry): resolve $d\vec B$ into two components — …

The net magnetic field at the center of loop A is the vector sum of the field produced by loop A itself and the field produced by loop B. Since the currents are in opposite directions, these fields oppose each other. The net magnetic field is $\boxed{\frac{214\pi}{125} \times 10^{-7}\ \text{T}}$ directed away from loop B.

The Biot–Savart law gives the magnetic field due to a small current element; integrating it around a circular loop gives the axial field $B = \mu_0 I R^2 / [2(R^2+x^2)^{3/2}]$, which reduces to $\mu_0 I/2R$ at the centre.

1. Biot–Savart law: The magnetic field $d\vec{B}$ at a point P due to a small current element $I\,d\vec{l}$ is: $d\vec{B} = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\,\dfrac{I\,d\vec{l}\times\hat{r}}{r^2}$ where $r$ is the distance from the current element to P, and $\hat{r}$ is the unit vector from the element to P. In magnitude, $dB = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,dl\sin\theta}{r^2}$, where $\theta$ is the angle between $d\vec{l}$ and $\hat{r}$.
2. Field on the axis of a circular current loop: Consider a circular loop of radius R carrying current I, and a point P on its axis at a distance x from the centre O. For every current element $d\vec{l}$ on the loop, the distance to P is $r=\sqrt{R^2+x^2}$, and $d\vec{l}$ is always perpendicular to $\vec{r}$ (so $\sin\theta = 1$). Hence: $dB = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,dl}{R^2+x^2}$ …

Integrating the Biot-Savart contributions of all current elements around the loop, only the axial components survive, giving $B=\dfrac{\mu_0IR^2}{2(R^2+x^2)^{3/2}}$.

Consider a circular loop of radius $R$ carrying current $I$, and a point P on its axis at distance $x$ from the centre O. Consider a current element $Id\vec l$ on the loop; its distance from P is $s=\sqrt{R^2+x^2}$, and it is always perpendicular to the line joining the element to P.

By the Biot-Savart law, the field due to this element at P has magnitude:

$dB = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\frac{I\,dl}{s^2} = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\frac{I\,dl}{R^2+x^2}$

directed perpendicular to $s$, i.e. it has a component along the axis and a component perpendicular to the axis.

By symmetry, as we sum contributions from all elements around the loop, the perpendicular (radial) components cancel out in pairs from diametrically opposite elements, while the axial components all add up. The axial component of each $dB$ is:

$dB_x = dB\sin\theta = dB\cdot\frac{R}{s} = dB\cdot\frac{R}{\sqrt{R^2+x^2}}$ …

Biot–Savart: $d\vec B=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,d\vec l\times\hat r}{r^2}$; axial field of a coil $=\dfrac{\mu_0 I r^2}{2(r^2+x^2)^{3/2}}$.

1. Statement. The magnetic field $d\vec B$ due to a current element $I\,d\vec l$ at a point P at position $\vec r$ from the element has magnitude $dB=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\dfrac{I\,dl\sin\theta}{r^2}$ ($\theta$ = angle between $d\vec l$ and $\vec r$), directed perpendicular to the plane of $d\vec l$ and $\vec r$. In vector form: $d\vec B=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\,\frac{I\,d\vec l\times\hat r}{r^2}.$
2. Field on the axis of a circular coil. Consider a coil of radius $r$ carrying current $I$; P is on the axis at distance $x$ from the centre. Each element is at distance $\sqrt{r^2+x^2}$ from P, and $d\vec l\perp\vec r$, so $dB=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\frac{I\,dl}{(r^2+x^2)}.$ …