Q.Kidney stones are produced due to deposition of uric acid and
a. silicates
b. minerals
c. calcium carbonate
d. calcium oxalate

When the excretory system malfunctions

• Urinary tract infection (UTI): faecal bacteria enter the urethra (women are more prone to it because the female urethra is short and close to the anus); inflammation can ascend from urethritis to cystitis (bladder) or pyelonephritis (kidney). Symptoms: dysuria, urgency, fever, cloudy/blood-tinged urine; back pain and headache if kidneys are involved. Usually treatable with antibiotics.
• Renal (kidney) failure: loss of the kidney's ability to excrete waste, causing urea build-up and reduced urine output. Acute renal failure is sudden but often reversible; chronic renal failure is a slow, progressive, largely irreversible loss of nephron function.
• Glomerulonephritis (Bright's disease): inflammation of both kidneys' glomeruli, often post-streptococcal in children. Symptoms: haematuria, proteinuria, salt/water retention, oliguria, hypertension, and in severe cases pulmonary oedema. …