Q.Explain the four principles of Taylor's scientific management.

Taylor built scientific management on four underlying principles before developing the specific techniques (time study, functional foremanship, and so on) that put them into practice. …

1. Science, not rule of thumb — every element of a job should be studied scientifically to find the one best way of doing it, replacing the old approach of relying on a worker's personal judgement or inherited custom.

2. Harmony, not discord — management and labour should recognise that they share a common interest (a larger total surplus to share) rather than see each other as opposing sides competing for a fixed pie.

3. Cooperation, not individualism — the emphasis should be on mutual cooperation between labour and management, replacing the older emphasis on individual bargaining and competition among workers themselves. …

Confusing Taylor's four broad principles with his specific techniques (time study, functional foremanship, differential piece-wage) — the principles are the underlying ph …