Q.State and briefly explain any six of Fayol's fourteen principles of management.

Fayol's 14 principles cover everything from how work is divided to how team spirit is maintained — the syllabus expects a working explanation of each, not just the name. …

1. Division of work — splitting work into specialised tasks so that repetition and focus make people, and the organisation, more efficient.

2. Authority and responsibility — authority (the right to give orders) must always be matched with an equal responsibility (accountability for results); one without the other creates either irresponsible power or powerless blame.

3. Unity of command — every employee should receive orders from one superior only, to avoid confusion and conflicting instructions.

4. Unity of direction — all activities aimed at the same objective should be guided by a single manager using a single plan, to avoid unnecessary duplication of effort.

5. Scalar chain — the formal line of authority running from the top of the organisation to the bottom; Fayol's own "Gang Plank" allows a direct shortcut between two employees at the same level in an emergency, as long as their respective superiors are kept informed. …

Confusing unity of command (one boss per employee) with unity of direction (one plan per objective) — these are two …