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Botany · Class 12 Science

Ch 7Ecosystem — Class 12 Botany, concept-first.

The chapter opens with a familiar picture — a pond, lake or pool — to introduce the idea of an ecosystem. Looking closely at such a water body reveals a mix of components: mud, dissolved nutrients and gases, clay, plankton and other microorganisms, plants such as algae, Hydrilla, Nelumbo and Nymphaea, and animals rangi…

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Key concepts

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Ecosystem Structure and Function

An ecosystem is the basic functional unit of ecology, built from two interacting classes of component. The abiotic (non-living) class covers climatic factors (air, water, sunlight, rainfall, temperature, humidity), edaph…

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Chapter contents

The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.

Introduction

The chapter opens with a familiar picture — a pond, lake or pool — to introduce the idea of an ecosystem.

7.1

Structure of Ecosystem

An ecosystem comprises two broad classes of component that interact continuously with each other. The abiotic (non-living) components include the climatic factors (air, water, sunlight, rainfall, temp…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2

Functions of Ecosystem

An ecosystem does not just have structure — it actively functions, and that function boils down to three linked jobs: creating usable energy, transferring that energy from one organism to the next, an…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.1

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

Before any energy can begin flowing through an ecosystem, a producer first has to capture usable sunlight — and only a narrow slice of the full solar spectrum is actually useful for this.

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.2

Productivity of an Ecosystem

Productivity is the rate at which an ecosystem produces new biomass per unit area in a unit of time, usually expressed in grams per square metre per year or kilocalories per square metre per year.

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.3

Concept of Trophic Level in an Ecosystem

A trophic level (from the Greek trophē, meaning food or feeding) describes an organism's position in a food chain, and the total number of trophic levels in a chain equals the number of feeding steps…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.4

Energy Flow

Energy flow is the transfer of energy between trophic levels in an ecosystem, and it is the single most important function an ecosystem performs.

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.5

Food Chain

A food chain is the linear path along which energy moves from producers all the way up to the top carnivores — from producers to primary consumers, then to secondary consumers, and finally to tertiary…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.6

Food Web

When many individual food chains within the same ecosystem interlock with one another, the resulting web-like arrangement of feeding relationships is called a food web — the basic functional unit that…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.7

Ecological Pyramids

An ecological pyramid is a graphic device — first introduced by Charles Elton in 1927, and hence also called an Eltonian pyramid — for representing the trophic structure and function of an ecosystem a…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.8

Decomposition

Decomposition is the process by which decomposers break detritus — dead plants, dead animals and their excreta — down into simple organic and inorganic matter, and it is essential for recycling nutrie…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.9

Biogeochemical Cycle (Nutrient Cycle)

The continuous exchange of nutrients between organisms and their environment — needed for every organism's growth, development, maintenance and reproduction — is called a biogeochemical cycle, or the…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.10

Types of Ecosystem

The biosphere holds a wide variety of ecosystem types, which this chapter first sorts by origin and habitat.

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.11

Ecosystem Services (Benefits)

Ecosystem services are the benefits people derive from nature — Robert Costanza and colleagues (1997) described them as the benefits provided to humans through the transformation of environmental asse…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.2.12

Ecosystem Management

Ecosystem management is the process of integrating ecological, socio-economic and institutional factors into one comprehensive strategy, aimed at sustaining and enhancing ecosystem quality to meet bot…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.3

Plant Succession

Forests and vegetated land are frequently stripped bare by natural calamities such as floods and earthquakes, or by human activities such as fire, over-grazing and tree-felling — yet, given time, such…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.3.1

Causes of Succession

Ecological succession has run in parallel with organic evolution ever since life first originated, and it is driven by three distinct classes of cause, acting one after another rather than all at once…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.3.2

Characteristics of Ecological Succession

Regardless of habitat or starting point, every episode of ecological succession shares a recognisable set of characteristics.

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.3.3

Types of Succession

Succession is classified along several independent axes. By starting condition, primary succession develops in a genuinely barren area where no community existed before — its first colonisers are call…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.3.4

Process of Succession

Primary autotrophic succession follows a fixed sequence of seven named stages. Nudation is the appearance of a barren area completely devoid of life, which can arise from topographic causes (soil eros…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.3.5

Classification of Plant Succession

Succession is classified by the moisture level of its starting habitat into three broad classes: hydrosere (starting where water is plentiful, such as ponds, lakes, streams and swamps), mesosere (star…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.3.6

Significance of Plant Succession

Understanding plant succession has several real, practical payoffs beyond pure classification. Because succession is a dynamic, ongoing process, ecologists can study and assess the seral stages of any…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.4

Vegetation

Vegetation refers to the plant cover found across a region. India, a tropical country with a strong monsoon climate that sets it apart from other tropical regions of the world, is divided into four ma…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview
7.4.1

Vegetation Types of India and Tamil Nadu

Indian and Tamil Nadu vegetation is classified into four broad types, each detailed with its characteristic species and distribution.

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview

EVALUATION

This chapter-end Evaluation section draws on the full span of the Ecosystem chapter — its structure and abiotic/biotic components, the functions of energy capture and flow, productivity, trophic level…

+Evaluation26 questions
  1. Q1Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem? a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compoundsFree
  2. Q2Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem? a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystemFree
  3. Q3Pond is a type of a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystemFree
  4. Q4Pond ecosystem is a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating c) self sufficient and not sel…Preview
  5. Q5Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light pen…Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity? a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest…Preview
  8. Q8Ecosystem consists of a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the abovePreview
  9. Q9Which one is in descending order of a food chain a) Producers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Tertiary consumers b) Tertiary con…Preview
  10. Q10Significance of food web is / are a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer c) it explains species…Preview
  11. Q11The following diagram represents [A pyramid diagram with four labelled trophic levels T1, T2, T3, T4, printed in the source without the shap…Preview
  12. Q12Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) FragmentationPreview
  13. Q13Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cyclePreview
  14. Q14Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values iii) Invas…Preview
  15. Q15Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.Preview
  17. Q17Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasonsPreview
  18. Q18Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest.Preview
  19. Q19What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?Preview
  20. Q20Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.Preview
  21. Q21Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their significance.Preview
  22. Q22Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.Preview
  23. Q23Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem?Preview
  24. Q24Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the process of successions. Find ou…Preview
  25. Q25Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given - Hawks-50, plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250…Preview
  26. Q26Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of succession and explain in detail.…Preview

Sample & Board Papers

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.

+Show 19 questions19 questions
  1. Q1The bacterium that oxidizes ammonia to nitrate (a) Nitrosomonas (b) Beggiatoa (c) Clostridium (d) E-coliPreview
  2. Q2Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only : (a) 2 - 9% (b) 2 - 8% (c) 2 - 10% (d) 3 - 10%Preview
  3. Q3'Pyramid of biomass is always inverted in shape' - State your explanation.Preview
  4. Q4Generally the pyramid of number in forest ecosystem looks spindle shape. State your reason.Preview
  5. Q5(a) Bring out the different steps involved in Mechanism of Decomposition. **OR** (b) What are the effects of Ozone depletion ?Preview
  6. Q6Solar energy used by green plants for only photosynthesis is : (a) 3 - 10% (b) 2 - 8% (c) 2 - 9% (d) 2 - 10%Preview
  7. Q7Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem ? (a) Organic compounds (b) Bacteria (c) Inorganic compounds (d) HumusPreview
  8. Q8What is Food Chain ?Preview
  9. Q9Various stages of succession are given below. From that rearrange them accordingly. Reed-swamp stage, phytoplankton stage, shrub stage, subm…Preview
  10. Q10(a) List out the types of Ecosystem with examples. **OR** (b) Non-liquid wastes cause health problems. Give a solution to manage the same.Preview
  11. Q11Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasons.Preview
  12. Q12Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopperPreview
  13. Q13(a) Tabulate the differences between primary and secondary succession. **OR** (b) Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  14. Q14Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only : (a) 3 - 10% (b) 2 - 8% (c) 2 - 9% (d) 2 - 10%Preview
  15. Q15What is food chain ?Preview
  16. Q16Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why ?Preview
  17. Q17Pond is a type of : (a) Marine ecosystem (b) Forest ecosystem (c) Freshwater ecosystem (d) Grassland ecosystemPreview
  18. Q18Which one is in descending order of a food chain ? (a) Tertiary consumers → Secondary consumers → Primary consumers → Producers (b) Producer…Preview
  19. Q19In a grassland ecosystem an organism of (T3) third trophic level derives 400 joules of energy. How much energy would be there in first troph…Preview