Q.Expand the following

Infertility is the inability to conceive or sustain a pregnancy despite unprotected cohabitation, arising from male causes (low sperm count/quality), female causes (inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy), or shared causes such as hormonal tumours, genetic mutations, structural malformations, poor nutrition, stress, toxin exposure (e.g. cadmium), substance use, gonadal injury and ageing — plus specific conditions like PID, endometriosis, varicocoele, and the congenital Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome (ovaries present, uterus absent). Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is the set of procedures that handle gametes/embryos outside the body to overcome these causes: Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI, for low sperm count) places semen directly in the uterus; In Vitro Fertilization (IVF/'test-tube baby') unites sperm and egg in a lab before transferring the embryo; Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT) and Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) place a zygote or unfertilized gametes r …