i) Define translation. ii) Explain process of translation. iii) Draw a labelled diagram of translation.

**OR**

i) Name the disease that results from point mutation. ii) Explain the Lac operon. iii) Draw a labelled diagram of the Lac operon.

Question

i) Define translation. ii) Explain process of translation. iii) Draw a labelled diagram of translation.

**OR**

i) Name the disease that results from point mutation. ii) Explain the Lac operon. iii) Draw a labelled diagram of the Lac operon.

Accepted Answer

![Figure — Part iii asks for a labelled diagram of translation; the canonical Translation figure (ribosome moving along m](/figures/molecular-basis-of-inheritance/translation-ribosome-mrna-trna-polypeptide-synthesis-fig-5-13.svg)

>

> [!TLDR]
> Translation converts the codon sequence of mRNA into a polypeptide chain through initiation, elongation and termination, carried out by the ribosome and tRNAs.
>
> **i) Definition:** Translation is the process by which the genetic information carried by mRNA (in the form of a sequence of codons) is used to synthesise a polypeptide, i.e., it is the polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain according to the codon sequence, with the order and sequence of amino acids defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA.
>
> **ii) Process of translation (three stages):**
> 1. **Initiation:** The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA near the start codon (AUG). An initiator tRNA (carrying methionine, or formyl-methionine in prokaryotes) base-pairs with the AUG codon in the ribosomal P (peptidyl) site. The large ribosomal subunit then joins to complete the functional ribosome.
> 2. **Elongation:** Charged tRNA molecules (each carrying a specific amino acid) enter the ribosomal A (aminoacyl) site, their anticodon pairing with the mRNA codon. A peptide bond forms between the amino acid in the A site and the growing chain in the P site (catalysed by the rRNA of the large subunit, i.e., the ribosome acts as a ribozyme/peptidyl transferase). The ribosome then translocates one codon along the mRNA (3' direction), shifting the tRNA from the A site to the P site, and the discharged tRNA leaves via the E (exit) site. This cycle repeats, elongating the polypeptide chain one amino acid at a time. …

Q.i) Define translation. ii) Explain process of translation. iii) Draw a labelled diagram of translation. OR

Concept understanding — Ribosome Function Translation

What is a ribosome?

The process of translation: from mRNA to protein

Why does this matter?

Key points to remember (as per NCERT)

Q.i) Define translation. ii) Explain process of translation. iii) Draw a labelled diagram of translation. OR

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