Q.Explain menstrual dysfunction.

Menstrual dysfunction is any abnormality of the menstrual cycle, with a defined normal range, several listed causes, and eight named disorder types. …

Definition and causes: Menstrual dysfunction is an abnormal condition in the menstrual cycle. The normal range is 21-35 days; it is a problem if it happens earlier or later than this range, if 3+ periods are missed, if flow is heavier/lighter than usual, if a cycle lasts longer than 7 days, if there is pain/cramping/vomiting during the period, or if bleeding occurs after menopause. Causes include being overweight, stress, dietary disorders, disease, a sudden change in exercise schedule, travel, and other medical complications.

The eight types, as listed by the textbook:

1. Pre-menstrual Syndrome — unpleasant symptoms (depression, anxiety, irritation, headache, fainting, vertigo) before/during the cycle, reduced by moderate exercise, a balanced diet, and good sleep/rest.
2. Amenorrhea — missed periods: Primary (never begins at puberty) or Secondary (missed 3+ months, the most common type).
3. Dysmenorrhea — severe pain or frequent cramping during menstruation, with symptoms like lower-abdomen cramping, back pain, leg pain, nausea and fatigue.
4. Menorrhagia — heavy and long-term/continuous menstrual bleeding.
5. Polymenorrhea — a cycle shorter than 21 days (too frequent).
6. Oligomenorrhea — infrequent periods, at intervals greater than 35 days.
7. Metrorrhagia — missed, delayed or erratic periods, or abnormal bleeding patterns. …