Q.Explain how mutations, natural selection and genetic drift affect Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

The Hardy–Weinberg principle describes the condition under which a population's allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations — i.e., a population that is genetically at equilibrium and therefore not evolving. For a gene with alleles A (frequency p) and a (frequency q), p + q = 1, and under random mating the next generation's genotype frequencies follow $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, where p² is the frequency of AA, 2pq of Aa, and q² of aa. This equilibrium requires five simultaneous conditions: no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, an effectiv …