Q.Dinitrophenol is :

B cells are activated when a specific antigen binds their surface B-cell receptor, triggering proliferation into plasma cells and memory cells.

Each B lymphocyte displays a unique antibody molecule on its surface that acts as its antigen receptor. When an antigen with a matching epitope binds this receptor -- typically together with signals delivered by helper T cells that recognise the same antigen presented on MHC-II -- the B cell is activated. It then undergoes clonal proliferation, differentiating into plasma cells that secrete large quantities of soluble antibody specific to that antigen, and into long-lived memory B cells. Interferons are antiviral signalling proteins, co …

B-lymphocytes are activated by binding to a specific antigen, which drives their proliferation into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.

B-lymphocytes carry membrane-bound antibody (immunoglobulin) receptors on their surface that are specific to a particular antigen. When that antigen binds the receptor (often with helper-T-cell co-stimulation), the B-cell is activated, proliferates by clonal expansion, and differentiates into plasma cells (which secrete large amounts of soluble antibody) and memory B-cells. Interferon (a) is an antiviral signalling protein, not the trigger for B-cell activation. Antibiotics (b) are drugs that kill/inhibit microbes and have no ro …

Dinitrophenol is a hapten: too small to trigger an immune response alone, yet able to bind pre-formed antibodies raised against it when carrier-coupled.

A hapten is a low-molecular-weight chemical group that cannot by itself induce an immune response, because it cannot engage the multiple receptors needed to activate lymphocytes; however, once it is coupled to a large carrier protein and used to immunise, the antibodies produced can specifically recognise and bind the free hapten on its own. Dinitrophenol is the textbook example used to illustrate this hapten behaviour in immunology. It is not itself an antibody, and calling it simply 'a chemical group that reacts with immunogen …