Q.Show that the motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic and hence derive an equation for its time period. What is seconds pendulum?
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Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →For small oscillations a simple pendulum has a = -(g/L)x (SHM), giving time period T = 2 pi sqrt(L/g). A seconds pendulum has T = 2 s (length about 1 m on Earth).
Showing simple pendulum motion is SHM:
A simple pendulum is a small heavy bob of mass m suspended by a light inextensible string of length L from a fixed point. When displaced by a small angle theta from the vertical and released, it oscillates.
The forces on the bob are its weight mg (downward) and the string tension. Resolve the weight into:
- A component mg cos(theta) along the string (balanced by tension).
- A component mg sin(theta) perpendicular to the string, directed towards the mean position - this is the restoring force.
Restoring force F = - mg sin(theta) (the minus sign shows it opposes the displacement).
For small angles (theta small, in radians), sin(theta) is approximately theta, and if x is the displacement of the bob along the arc, theta = x / L. So:
F = - mg theta = - mg (x / L)
Acceleration:
a = F / m = - (g / L) x
This is of the form a = -(omega^2) x with omega^2 = g / L. Since acceleration is proportional to displacement and directed towards the mean position, the motion is simple harmonic.
Time period:
omega = sqrt(g / L), and T = 2 pi / omega, so:
T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g)
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