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Q.Show that the motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic and hence derive an equation for its time period. What is seconds pendulum?

Telangana TsbieTelangana Board of Intermediate Education (Intermediate 1st Year) 2026Subjective· 8mImportance★★★★★
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For small displacements a simple pendulum has a restoring force proportional to displacement, so it executes SHM with T = 2 pi sqrt(L/g); a seconds pendulum has T = 2 s.

Simple pendulum and SHM:

A simple pendulum consists of a small heavy bob of mass m suspended by a light inextensible string of length L from a rigid support. When the bob is displaced from the mean (vertical) position by a small angle theta and released, it oscillates.

Let the bob be displaced so that the string makes a small angle theta with the vertical, and let x be the horizontal displacement (arc length), so x = L*theta.

The forces on the bob are its weight mg (downward) and the tension T along the string. Resolving the weight:

  • Component along the string: mg cos(theta) (balanced by tension).
  • Component perpendicular to the string (tangential), acting toward the mean position: the restoring force,

F = -mg sin(theta)

For small angles, sin(theta) is approximately equal to theta (in radians), and theta = x/L. Therefore:

F = -mg theta = -mg (x/L) = -(mg/L) x

Thus the restoring force F is directly proportional to the displacement x and directed towards the mean position. This is exactly the condition for simple harmonic motion.

Time period:

Comparing with F = -k x, the force constant is k = mg/L. The acceleration is:

a = F/m = -(g/L) x

The angular frequency omega is given by omega^2 = g/L, so omega = sqrt(g/L).

The time period T = 2 pi / omega:

T = 2 pi sqrt(L/g)

…

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