Q.Explain the meaning of sensitivity of a galvanometer. Explain, how a galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter. In a galvanometer full scale deflection is produced by a current of 1.0 A. Find the relation between the shunt required to convert into ammeter of range 10 A and the resistance of the galvanometer. OR Define electric flux. Prove that the electric flux ($\phi$) through a closed surface is $\dfrac{1}{\epsilon_0}$ times the total charge ($q$) enclosed by the surface. Find the total flux passing through a surface of area $\vec{A} = 4\,\hat{j}$ m$^2$ placed in an electric field $\vec{E} = 14\,\hat{i} + 3\,\hat{j} - 5\,\hat{k}$ V/m.

Showing the 12 most recent of 15 on this concept.

1. CBSE 2026Set 55/3/11 markMCQ
   Q.Assertion (A) : The cylindrical soft iron core in a moving coil galvanometer only makes the magnetic field radial and does not affect the strength of the magnetic field. Reason (R) : In a moving coil galvanometer, the plane of the coil is always perpendicular to the magnetic field. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. (D) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The soft iron core makes the field radial AND, being ferromagnetic, concentrates the magnetic flux — it increases the field strength, so the Assertion is false. In a radial field the plane of the coil is always parallel to the field lines (the coil's normal is perpendicular to $\vec B$), so the Reason is also false. The correct option is (D).

   The question tests two separate facts about the moving coil galvanometer: what the cylindrical soft iron core actually does, and how the coil sits relative to the magnetic field.

   1. Role of the soft iron core — is the Assertion true?

   The core, together with the concave pole pieces, shapes the field in the air gap so that it is radial: at every angular position of the coil, the field lines point along the radius. This makes the deflecting torque independent of the coil's position, which is what gives the galvanometer its linear scale $\theta \propto I$.

   But that is not all the core does. Soft iron is ferromagnetic, with a very high relative permeability ($\mu_r \gg 1$). It provides a low-reluctance path for the magnetic flux, so the flux crowds through the core and the field strength $B$ in the narrow air gap becomes much larger than it would be without the core. The claim that the core "only makes the field radial and does not affect the strength" is therefore false — the Assertion is false.

   2. Orientation of the coil — is the Reason true?

   In the radial field the field lines run along the radius, and the plane of the rectangular coil (tangential to the cylindrical core) always contains those field lines. So the plane of the coil is always parallel to the magnetic field — equivalently, the coil's normal is perpendicular to $\vec B$ in every position. That is exactly what keeps the torque at its maximum value throughout the rotation: …

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2. CBSE 2025Set D1 markMCQ
   Q.If the number of turns is increased in any moving coil galvanometer, then its sensitivity (A) increases (B) decreases (C) remains unchanged (D) may increase or may decrease

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   A galvanometer's current sensitivity is (NAB/k), directly proportional to the number of turns N, so more turns → higher sensitivity.

   The deflection of a moving-coil galvanometer is

   $\theta = \frac{NAB}{k}\,I$

   so its current sensitivity is

   $\frac{\theta}{I} = \frac{NAB}{k}$

   …

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3. CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
   Q.In any electric circuit, galvanometer in its original form is used to -

   (a) detect the current

   (b) measure the current

   (c) measure the voltage

   (d) measure the resistance

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   A galvanometer in its basic form is a sensitive current-detecting device, not a calibrated measuring instrument.

   A galvanometer is a sensitive instrument used to detect the presence (and direction) of a small current in a circuit through the deflection of a coil/needle. In its original form it is not calibrated to read numerical values of current, voltage o …

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4. CBSE 2024Set A1 markMCQ
   Q.The value of current obtained in a moving coil galvanometer is proportional to (A) deflection (θ) (B) resistance (R) (C) magnetic field (B) (D) none of these

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   A moving-coil galvanometer is linear: I ∝ θ (the deflection).

   In a moving-coil galvanometer, the current-carrying coil in the radial magnetic field experiences a deflecting torque $NBIA$, balanced by the restoring torque $k\theta$ of the suspension:

   $NBIA = k\theta \;\Rightarrow\; I = \frac{k}{NBA}\,\theta.$

   …

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5. CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 mark
   Q.Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a galvanometer ?

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The soft-iron core makes the field radial, ensuring the deflecting torque (and hence the scale) is uniform.

   In a moving-coil galvanometer, concave pole pieces together with a cylindrical soft-iron core placed inside the coil make the magnetic field radial — i.e. $\vec B$ is always along the plane of the coil, no matter what angle the coil has turned through. Because of this, the angle between the field and the normal to the coil stays 90° throughout the motion, so the deflecting torque $\tau = NBIA$ has no $\sin\theta$ dependence and stays proportional to the current $I$ alone. This gives a uniform torque for a given current at every deflection, so the pointer's deflection is directly proportional to the cu …

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6. CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 mark
   Q.What happens to the voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer when the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is doubled by doubling the number of turns of the coil?

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Doubling the turns doubles both the current sensitivity and the coil's resistance, leaving voltage sensitivity the same.

   Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is $I_s = \dfrac{NBA}{k}$, which is directly proportional to the number of turns $N$; doubling $N$ doubles $I_s$, as stated. Voltage sensitivity is defined as $V_s = \dfrac{I_s}{R} = \dfrac{NBA}{kR}$, where $R$ is the resistance of the galvanometer coil. Since doubling the number of turns (with the same wire, same coil geometry) also roughly doubles the length of wire used and hence doubles the coil's resistance $R$, the factor of 2 in the numerator ($N$) is cancelled by the factor of 2 in the den …

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7. CBSE 2022Set I1 markMCQ
   Q.Which of the following is correct for galvanometer constant? (A) C/(NAB) (B) C(B)/(NA) (C) C(A/(NB)) (D) C(N/(AB))

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Galvanometer constant $k = \dfrac{C}{NAB}$.

   In a moving-coil galvanometer, the current $I$ produces a torque $NIAB$ that is balanced at equilibrium by the restoring torque $C\theta$ of the suspension (torsional constant $C$):

   $NIAB = C\theta \;\Rightarrow\; I = \left(\frac{C}{NAB}\right)\theta.$

   The proportionality factor relating current to deflection is the galvanometer constant …

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8. CBSE 2022Set ANNUAL1 mark
   Q.Why does a moving coil galvanometer use concave magnetic poles?

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Concave poles give a radial field -> uniform torque per unit current -> linear scale.

   In a moving-coil galvanometer, the deflecting torque on the coil is $\tau = NIAB\sin\phi$, where $\phi$ is the angle between the plane of the coil and the field $B$. If $B$ were uniform (as between flat pole pieces), $\phi$ would change as the coil rotates, making the torque, and hence the deflection, a non-linear function of the rotation angle — the scale would be cramped/uneven. By using concave (curved) pole pieces together with a soft-iron cylindrical core, the magnetic field lines are made radial, i.e. always directed along the plane of the coil no matter what angle the coil has turned to. This keeps $\phi = 90°$ at all deflections, so $\sin\phi = 1$ always …

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9. CBSE 2021Set NC1 mark
   Q.Why are pole pieces of a magnet within a galvanometer made concave?

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Concave pole pieces bend the field lines so they always point along the coil's plane no matter how far it has rotated, keeping the torque formula free of any angle-dependence.

   Reasoning

   If the field between the poles were uniform, the deflecting torque on the coil would be $\tau=nBIA\sin\theta$, which depends on the coil's instantaneous angle $\theta$ — making the current-vs-deflection relationship non-linear (a non-uniform scale).

   Concave pole pieces (curved to match the coil's cylindrical geometry, often combined with a soft-iron cylindrical core) shape the field so that it is always radial — i.e. the field lines are always directed along the plane of the coil, regardless of its angular position. This eliminates the $\sin\theta$ dependence entirely:

   $\tau = nBIA \quad (\text{no}\ \sin\theta \text{ factor})$

   …

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10. CBSE 2020Set XS1 mark
    Q.Define current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer.

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    Deflection per unit current, $S_I=\theta/I=NBA/k$.

    Definition. The current sensitivity of a moving-coil galvanometer is the deflection $\theta$ produced per unit current $I$ passing through it:

    $S_I=\frac{\theta}{I}.$

    At equilibrium the deflecting torque $NBIA$ balances the restoring torque $k\theta$, so $NBIA=k\theta$, giving

    $S_I=\frac{\theta}{I}=\frac{NBA}{k},$ …

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11. CBSE 2019Set HE2341 mark
    Q.Match the following. Column A item: Moving coil Galvanometer. Select the matching option from Column B:

    (i) Maximum deviation by prism

    (ii) Work function

    (iii) Law of conservation of energy

    (iv) Magnetic effect of current

    (v) Maximum speed in glass.

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    A moving-coil galvanometer works because a current-carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences a torque — the magnetic effect of current.

    A moving coil galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil suspended in a strong, radial magnetic field of a permanent magnet. When a current is passed through the coil, each current-carrying side of the coil experiences a force $F = BIl$ in the magnetic field, and the pair of oppositely-directed forces on the two sides produces a torque that deflects the coil. This is a direct application of the magnetic effect of …

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12. CBSE 2019Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
    Q.Phosphor-bronze wire is used for suspension in a moving coil galvanometer, because it has :

    (a) large couple per unit twist

    (b) small couple per unit twist

    (c) high conductivity

    (d) high resistivity

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    Phosphor-bronze is chosen for the suspension because its low torsional (restoring) constant gives the galvanometer high current sensitivity.

    In a moving coil galvanometer, the coil is suspended by a thin wire (or fibre) that also acts as one of the current leads and provides the restoring torque against the deflecting torque produced by the magnetic field acting on the current-carrying coil.

    At equilibrium, the deflecting torque equals the restoring torque: $NIAB = k\theta$, where $k$ is the torsional constant (restoring couple per unit twist/radian) of the suspension.

    The current sensitivity of the galvanometer is $\dfrac{\theta}{I} = \dfrac{NAB}{k}$

    This shows sensitivity is inversely proportional to $k$: the smaller the torsional constant of the suspension, the larger the deflection $\theta$ produced by a given small current $I$, i.e. the more sensitive the instrument.

    …

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