Q.State the rules regarding the passing of property in specific goods under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930.

Where the parties' own intention about WHEN property passes cannot be clearly made out from the contract, the Act supplies its own default rules for specific goods.

Section 19 makes the parties' own intention (from the contract's terms, conduct, and circumstances) the primary test. Section 20 then supplies the default rule that property in specific goods already in a deliverable state passes at the time the contract is made, regardless of when payment or delivery happens. Section 21 postpones passing of property until the seller puts goods not yet in a deliverable state into that state, with notice to the buyer; Section 22 similarly postpones it until the seller weigh …

Section 19 — the governing principle: property in specific or ascertained goods passes to the buyer at the time the PARTIES THEMSELVES INTEND it to pass, gathered from the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties, and the circumstances of the case. Where that intention is not clear, Sections 20-22 supply default rules:

• Section 20: for an UNCONDITIONAL contract for specific goods already in a DELIVERABLE STATE, property passes at the time the CONTRACT IS MADE — irrespective of whether payment or delivery (or both) is postponed to later.
• Section 21: where the goods are NOT yet in a deliverable state, and the seller has to do something to put them into that state, property does not pass until that thing is done AND the buyer has notice of it. …

A common mistake is treating DELIVERY as the moment property passes for specific goods already in a deliverable state — Section 20 makes clear that property passes at the time of th …