Q.Distinguish between the following (any two) (2×2=4):

Lymph: The Body's Second Circulation

Think about what happens to the blood that leaves your capillaries. It doesn't just vanish. Some of it — the fluid part, plasma — leaks out into the spaces between your cells. That leaked fluid is called interstitial fluid. It bathes your cells, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and picking up waste.

Now, most of this interstitial fluid gets reabsorbed back into the capillaries. But not all of it. A significant amount remains in the tissue spaces. If this fluid just kept accumulating, your tissues would swell up like a sponge. The body needs a drainage system to collect this leftover fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

That drainage system is the lymphatic system, and the fluid flowing through it is lymph.

The Precise Statement

Lymph is a colourless, watery fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels. It is derived from interstitial fluid and contains:

• Water and dissolved solutes (ions, glucose, amino acids) — same as blood plasma, but with less protein.
• Lymphocytes — a type of white blood cell crucial for immune defence.
• Fats — absorbed from the digestive tract (in the form of chylomicrons), giving lymph a milky appearance after a fatty meal.

Its primary functions are:

1. Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, preventing oedema (tissue swelling).
2. Transporting absorbed fats from the small intestine to the blood.
3. Transporting lymphocytes and other immune cells, enabling immune surveillance.

How It Works in the Body

1. Capillary filtration pushes fluid out of blood capillaries into tissue spaces → interstitial fluid.
2. Excess interstitial fluid enters blind-ended lymphatic capillaries → becomes lymph.
3. Lymph flows through larger lymphatic vessels, passing through lymph nodes (where lymphocytes are added and pathogens are filtered out).
4. Finally, lymph drains into the subclavian veins (near the heart), returning to the blood circulation.

Why It's Colourless …