Q.Write True/False:

Article 368 of the Constitution gives Parliament the power to amend any provision of the Constitution — by addition, variation, or repeal — following the procedure laid down in that article. In practice, though, not every part of the Constitution is amended through Article 368's full procedure; the Constitution actually recognises three distinct routes, of differing strictness:

1. Simple majority, like an ordinary law — some articles explicitly say Parliament 'may by law' make a change (for example, admitting a new state into the Union under Article 2, or altering a state's boundary under Article 3). These provisions can be changed exactly as an ordinary law is passed, with no special procedure at all.
2. Special majority under Article 368 — for most other provisions, an amendment bill needs the support of a majority of the total membership of each House of Parliament, and separately, of at least two-thirds of the members present and voting in each House. There is no joint sitting for amendment bills, and once passed, the President has no power to send the bill back for reconsideration.
3. Special majority plus ratification by the States — for provisions touching the distribution of power between the Centre and the States, or matters of representation, the bill must additionally be passed (by simple majority) in the legislatures of at least half of India's States.

Across all three routes, one principle stays constant: amendments to the Indian Constitution are initiated only in Parliament, by elected representatives — there is no outside constitution commission, and (unlike some other democracies) no direct role for voters through a referendum.