Ch 4Executive — Class 11 Political Science, concept-first.

Every government has three organs — the legislature that makes laws, the executive that implements and enforces them, and the judiciary that interprets them.

Every organisation needs some person or body to take decisions and see that they are carried out — this activity is usually called administration or management.

Every organisation — a school, a company, a bank, an industrial unit — needs some body of people at the top to take policy decisions and supervise the routine, day-to-day running of the organisation.

Not every country has the same type of executive. The powers of the President of the USA are very different from the powers of the President of India; the powers of the Queen of England are different…

When India's Constitution was written, the country already had experience of running a parliamentary system under the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 — experience which showed that, in a par…

Article 74(1) of the Constitution reads: "There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in…

Can we conclude from the President's largely formal role that the President has no discretion at all under any circumstances? That would be an incorrect assessment.

No discussion of government or politics in India would take place without mentioning the office of the Prime Minister.

Who implements the decisions taken by ministers? The executive organ of government includes the Prime Minister, the ministers, and a large organisation called the bureaucracy or the administrative mac…

The modern executive is a very powerful institution of government, enjoying greater powers compared to the other organs of government — the legislature and the judiciary.