Q.Which secularism principles adopted in India's Constitution: state has nothing to do with religion / close relation with religion / can discriminate among religions / recognises religious-group rights / limited intervention power?

Indian secularism departs from the Western 'mutual exclusion' model in exactly two documented ways. …

The chapter is explicit that Indian secularism departs from the mainstream Western model in exactly two ways, and both of them map directly onto options (d) and (e). (a) 'the state will have nothing to do with religion' describes the strict Western 'mutual exclusion' model, which India explicitly does NOT follow — the Indian state does intervene in religious affairs when needed (for example, against untouchability). (b) 'the state will have a close relation with religion' is also wrong — India is not a theocratic or religion-aligned state; the state keeps a 'principled distance' from all religions rather than aligning closely with any of them. (c) 'the state can discriminate among religions' is wrong — the whole point of secularism, Indian or Western, is that the state does not favour one religion over another; principled distance means being free to intervene or abstain based on whether liberty, equality and social justice are served, never based on which religion is involved. (d) is correct: the Constitution grants rights to all religious communities, such as the right to establish and maintain their own educational institutio …