Q.Some of the key characteristics of western and Indian model of secularism have got mixed up. Separate them and make a new table.
[Western Secularism column]: Strict non-interference of religion and state in each other's affairs / Equality between different religious groups is a key concern / Attention to minority rights / Individual and his rights at the centre.
[Indian Secularism column]: State supported religious reforms allowed / Equality between different sects of a religion is emphasised / Less attention to community based rights / Rights of both individual and religious community protected.
Two of the four pairs were already correctly matched; the other two had been swapped between the columns. The correctly sorted table separates the pairs by which kind of equality — intra-religious or inter-religious — each model emphasises, and by how much attention each gives to community-based rights.
Western secularism, as this chapter explains, treats separation of religion and state as mutual exclusion, and arose in societies with a good deal of religious homogeneity — one broad religion containing many different sects or denominations. It therefore naturally came to focus on equality WITHIN that one religion (intra-religious equality) and, correspondingly, paid comparatively little attention to community-based or minority rights, since its individualist framework centres on the rights of the individual rather than the religious community.
Indian secularism, by contrast, arose from India's much older and deeper inter-religious diversity. It gives equal — arguably greater — weight to equality BETWEEN different religions (inter-religious equality), and it pays real, constitutionally protected attention to minority and community-based rights, alongside individual rights, because it recognises religious communities, not just individuals, as legitimate bearers of religious freedom.
Applying this to the mixed-up table: 'strict non-interference of religion and state in each other's affairs' and 'individual and his rights at the centre' were already correctly placed under Western Secularism, and 'state supported religious reforms allowed' and 'rights of both individual and religious community protected' were already correctly placed under Indian Secularism. But the middle two characteristics under each column had been swapped: 'equality between different religious groups is a key concern' actually describes Indian secularism, not western, while 'equality between different sects of a religion is emphasised' actually describes western secularism, not Indian. Likewise, 'attention to minority rights' belongs under Indian secularism, while 'less attention to community based rights' belongs under western secularism.
Correctly sorted table —
Western Secularism: strict non-interference of religion and state in each other's affairs; equality between different sects of a religion is emphasised; less attention to community based rights; individual and his rights at the centre.
Indian Secularism: state supported religious reforms allowed; equality between different religious groups is a key concern; attention to minority rights; rights of both individual and religious community protected.
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