Q.Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow : Dharavi There is only one main road that traverses Dharavi, which has been reduced to less than half of that for most of its length. Some of the side alleys and lanes are so narrow that not even a bicycle can pass. The whole neighbourhood consists of temporary buildings, two or three storeyed high with rusty iron stairways to the upper part, where a single room is rented by a whole family, sometimes accommodating 10 – 12 people; it is a kind of tropical version of the industrial dwelling of Victorian London's East End. But Dharavi is a keeper of more sombre secrets than the revulsion it inspires in the rich; a revulsion, moreover, that is, in direct proportion to the role it serves in the creation of the wealth of Bombay. In this place of shadowless, treeless sunlight, uncollected garbage, stagnant pools of foul water, where the only creatures are the shining black crows and long grey rats, some of the of the most beautiful, valuable and useful articles in India are made. From Dharavi come delicate ceramics and pottery, exquisite embroidery and zari work, sophisticated leather goods, high-fashion garments, finely-wrought metalwork, delicate jewellery settings, wood carvings and furniture that would find its way into the houses, both in India and abroad. (18.1) Describe the physical condition of Dharavi. 1 (18.2) Explain one major problem of Dharavi. 1 (18.3) Explain the main objective of 'Swachh Bharat Mission' in the context of Dharavi. 1

The question asks why slums are described as areas of residence with least choice. The key idea is that "least choice" means residents have no real alternative — they are compelled to live in conditions that lack basic necessities and dignity. Any option that describes a deficiency or deprivation supports this; any option that describes a facility or improvement contradicts it.

Let’s examine each statement:

1. Statement (i): "They have dilapidated houses with poor ventilation."

   This is a clear sign of poor housing quality. Residents do not choose such conditions voluntarily — they are forced by poverty or lack of affordable housing. This supports the idea of least choice.

2. Statement (ii): "The basic facilities like lights and toilets are difficult to get."

   Lack of access to electricity and sanitation is a hallmark of slum life. Again, no one would willingly choose such deprivation. This also supports the idea.

3. Statement (iii): "Hygienic conditions and drinking water are improper."

   Unsafe water and poor hygiene are serious health hazards. Residents endure these because they have no better option. This too supports the idea.

4. Statement (iv): "Better drainage facilities are available." …

Urban waste management is one of the most pressing environmental challenges in India today. As cities grow, the sheer volume of waste generated every day puts immense pressure on municipal services, land, and public health. Solid waste, in particular, refers to any discarded material that is not liquid or gaseous — essentially, anything we throw away that is solid in form. This includes household rubbish, commercial refuse, industrial scrap, and even biodegradable matter like leaves and food scraps.

Now, look at the options given. Kitchen discarded items — vegetable peels, leftover food, eggshells — are solid waste. Polythene bags, which clog drains and choke landfills, are also solid waste. Plant leaves and branches, whether from gardening or natural shedding, are solid waste too. Old newspapers, which we often sell to a scrap dealer or give to the waste collector, are another classic example of solid waste.

Part (a)

Urban waste is a serious problem in India mainly because the volume of solid waste generated by fast-growing, densely populated cities greatly exceeds the capacity of municipal systems to collect, transport and process it. A key reason is the absence of segregation at source: wet (biodegradable) waste is mixed with dry recyclables and hazardous material, so it cannot easily be recycled or composted. The mixed waste ends up in overflowing open dumps and poorly managed landfills, where organic matter decomposes to release methane (a greenhouse gas) and toxic leachate that seeps into soil and groundwater. Waste also clogs drains and becomes a breeding ground for mosquitoes and rats, spreading disease.

Part (b) …