Q.Specify any two processes, that help in attitude formation and explain how it occurs.

Attitude Formation Factors

The Intuition

Think about why you like or dislike something. Why do you prefer one subject over another? Why do you trust some people instantly and feel uneasy around others? These likes, dislikes, and tendencies are your attitudes — learned predispositions to respond favourably or unfavourably toward an object, person, or idea.

Attitudes don't appear from nowhere. They are built, piece by piece, through your experiences. The factors that shape them are like the ingredients in a recipe — each one adds a distinct flavour to the final attitude.

The Core Idea

Attitude formation is the process by which an individual acquires new attitudes or modifies existing ones. Four major factors drive this process:

1. Learning (through direct experience or observation)
2. Social influences (family, peers, culture)
3. Personal factors (needs, personality, self-esteem)
4. Situational factors (context, time pressure)

Let's unpack each one.

1. Learning

This is the most fundamental route. You learn attitudes the same way you learn anything else.

Classical conditioning — a neutral object becomes associated with a positive or negative feeling. If a student is praised every time they enter the chemistry lab, they may develop a positive attitude toward chemistry itself. The lab (neutral) gets paired with praise (positive), and the feeling transfers.

Operant conditioning — behaviours that lead to rewards are reinforced. If a child shares their lunch and is praised for being generous, they develop a positive attitude toward sharing. If they are punished for speaking up, they may develop a negative attitude toward expressing opinions.

Observational learning — you watch others and imitate their attitudes. A child whose parents express fear of dogs will likely develop a similar fear, even without a direct bad experience. This is why role models matter so much — teachers, parents, and even media figures shape attitudes simply by modelling them.

2. Social Influences

No attitude forms in a vacuum. You are embedded in social groups that constantly shape your views.

Family — the earliest and most enduring influence. Parents transmit attitudes about religion, politics, work ethic, and even food preferences, often unconsciously. A child raised in a household that values education will internalise that attitude as natural.

Peer groups — as you grow, peers become a competing influence. The desire for acceptance and belonging pushes you to adopt attitudes that match your group. A teenager who joins a sports team may develop a positive attitude toward fitness and discipline, even if they were indifferent before.

Culture and society — broader cultural norms set the backdrop. In collectivist cultures, attitudes toward community and family duty are strong; in individualist cultures, attitudes toward personal achievement and independence dominate. Media, advertising, and social media amplify these cultural messages.

3. Personal Factors

Your own internal makeup filters and shapes how external influences land.

Needs — attitudes often serve a function. If you have a strong need for achievement, you will develop positive attitudes toward hard work and competition. If you have a need for affiliation, you will value harmony and cooperation. Attitudes are tools that help you satisfy your needs.

Personality — some people are more open to new experiences, others are more rigid. A person high in openness may form positive attitudes toward novel ideas or travel; a person high in conscientiousness may develop strong attitudes about order and punctuality.

Self-esteem — people with low self-esteem are more susceptible to social influence and more likely to adopt attitudes that protect their self-image. For example, a student who feels insecure about their intelligence may develop a negative attitude toward exams ("exams are unfair") rather than face the possibility of failure.

4. Situational Factors

The context in which you encounter an object or idea can dramatically affect the attitude you form. …