Q.Which concept is based on Bandura's social learning theory?

Observational Learning: Learning by Watching Others

Think about the last time you learned a new dance step, figured out how to use a new app, or even picked up a slang phrase. Did someone sit you down and give you a formal lesson? Probably not. You just watched someone else do it, and then you tried it yourself.

That is the core intuition behind observational learning: we learn by watching the behaviour of others and the consequences that follow. It is the reason a child learns to clap by watching a parent, a student picks up a teacher's mannerisms, or a driver learns a new route by following a friend's car. You do not need to experience every reward and punishment yourself — you can learn from the experiences of others.

The Precise Statement

Observational learning is a theory of learning developed primarily by psychologist Albert Bandura. It states that learning can occur simply by observing the behaviour of a model and the outcomes (rewards or punishments) that follow that behaviour. The learner does not need to perform the behaviour themselves, nor receive any direct reinforcement, during the observation phase.

This was a radical idea. Before Bandura, most learning theories (like behaviourism) insisted that learning only happened through direct experience — you had to do something and get a reward or punishment. Bandura showed that was incomplete.

The Four Key Processes

For observational learning to actually work (for the observed behaviour to be learned and later performed), four conditions must be met. If any one is missing, the learning is weak or absent.

The Famous Experiment: The Bobo Doll …