Q.Complete the following analogy by choosing one word from the above extract: disagree : oppose :: mitigate : _________ (Indigo)

The analogy you are working with comes from the NCERT Class 12 History chapter on Indigo cultivation, specifically from the section that discusses how the British planters tried to soften the harsh reality of the indigo system. The extract you refer to likely contains the sentence: "The planters tried to mitigate the hardship by advancing loans to the peasants." Here, "mitigate" means to make something less severe or painful.

Now, let's break down the analogy. "Disagree" and "oppose" are synonyms, but "oppose" carries a stronger, more active sense of resistance. Similarly, "mitigate" and "alleviate" are synonyms — both mean to reduce the severity of something. However, "alleviate" is often used in contexts of easing pain or suffering, making it a closer match in tone and strength to "mitigate" than a word like "reduce" or "lessen."

The Champaran episode marks a turning point not just in India's freedom struggle but in the consciousness of ordinary people. When Gandhi arrived in 1917 to investigate the plight of indigo sharecroppers, the peasants were trapped in a brutal system: British planters forced them to grow indigo on 15% of their land and surrender the crop as rent, a practice called tinkathia. The peasants had lived for generations under this exploitation, believing it was simply their fate.

What changed their understanding? Three profound realizations emerged from Gandhi's intervention and the subsequent victory.

The Awakening

1. They had rights, and injustice was not inevitable.

For decades, the peasants had accepted the planters' demands as unchangeable law. Gandhi's presence—his willingness to listen, document their suffering, and challenge the system legally—showed them that the tinkathia arrangement was not divine order but man-made exploitation. When Gandhi refused to leave Champaran despite official orders, and when thousands gathered to support him, the peasants saw that authority could be questioned. The subsequent inquiry and the planters' agreement to refund a portion of the illegal dues (even if only 25%) was concrete proof: the system could bend.

2. Courage and collective action could defeat fear.

The British planters had ruled through intimidation—thugs, threats, and the backing of the colonial administration. Individual peasants were powerless. But when Gandhi organized them, when they testified publicly despite fear of reprisal, they discovered something transformative: unity diluted individual risk. As Rajkumar Shukla's persistence brought Gandhi to Champaran, and as thousands defied orders to disperse, the peasants learned that solidarity was a weapon the oppressors could not easily counter.

3. They were not helpless; they could be agents of their own liberation.

Perhaps the deepest shift was psychological. The peasants had internalized their subjugation, seeing themselves as victims with no agency. Gandhi's success demonstrated that change did not require them to wait for a savior—they themselves, organized and resolute, were the force that compelled the British to retreat. The Champaran victory was not handed down; it was won through their testimonies, their courage to stand in court, their refusal to be silent. …