(a) State any two properties of a nucleus. (b) Why is the density of a nucleus much more than that of an atom ? (c) Show that the density of the nuclear matter is the same for all nuclei.

(a) State any two properties of a nucleus. (b) Why is the density of a nucleus much more than that of an atom

Question

Q. (a) State any two properties of a nucleus.

(b) Why is the density of a nucleus much more than that of an atom ?

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Concept understanding — Nuclear Density Calculation

Nuclear Density: Why All Nuclei Are Almost Equally Dense

Imagine you have a bag of marbles. If you pack them tightly, the density of the bag depends only on the marbles themselves — not on how many you put in. The nucleus behaves the same way. That's the core idea.

The Intuition

An atom's nucleus is made of protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons). These nucleons are held together by the strong nuclear force, which is extremely short-ranged. Think of it like magnets: each nucleon only "feels" its immediate neighbours. So adding more nucleons doesn't compress the inner ones — it just adds a new layer on the outside.

This means the nucleus grows in volume proportionally to the number of nucleons. Double the number of nucleons, double the volume. And since mass also doubles, the density stays constant.

The Precise Statement

The nuclear radius $R$ is experimentally found to follow:

R = R_0 A^{1/3}

where:

$A$ = mass number (total protons + neutrons)
$R_0 \approx 1.2 \times 10^{-15} \text{ m}$ (a constant, about 1.2 femtometres)

R = R_0 A^{1/3}

This is the nuclear radius formula. It's not a guess — it comes from scattering experiments where high-energy electrons or alpha particles bounce off nuclei.

Deriving the Density

The nucleus is roughly spherical, so its volume is:

V = \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi (R_0 A^{1/3})^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A

Notice: volume is directly proportional to $A$ . The mass of the nucleus is approximately $m \approx A \times (1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg})$ (mass of one nucleon). So density:

\rho = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{volume}} = \frac{A \times m_{\text{nucleon}}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A} = \frac{m_{\text{nucleon}}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3}

The $A$ cancels out completely. The density is a constant — independent of the nucleus size.

Important

Nuclear density is independent of mass number $A$ . All nuclei have approximately the same density.

The Numerical Value

Plug in the numbers:

$m_{\text{nucleon}} \approx 1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}$
$R_0 \approx 1.2 \times 10^{-15} \text{ m}$

\rho = \frac{1.67 \times 10^{-27}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi (1.2 \times 10^{-15})^3} \approx 2.3 \times 10^{17} \text{ kg/m}^3

That's about 230 million tonnes per cubic centimetre. To put it in perspective: a sugar-cube-sized piece of nuclear matter would weigh as much as 230 million cars.

Note

| Object | Density (kg/m³) |

|--------|-----------------|

| Water | $10^3$ |

| Earth (average) | $5.5 \times 10^3$ |

| White dwarf star | $10^9$ |

| Atomic nucleus | $2.3 \times 10^{17}$ |

Why This Matters

This constancy of density tells us something profound: the strong nuclear force saturates. Each nucleon only interacts with its nearest neighbours, not with the whole nucleus. If the force were long-range (like gravity), density would increase with size. It doesn't — so the force is short-range. …

Why this formula?

Why Nuclear Density is Constant — The Reasoning

The most striking result about nuclear density is that it is roughly the same for all nuclei, regardless of size. This is not obvious — why wouldn't a larger nucleus be denser? The answer lies in how nuclear force works and how nucleons pack together.

Step 1: The nuclear volume formula

Experiments show that the radius of a nucleus is given by:

R = R_0 A^{1/3}

where $R_0 \approx 1.2 \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$ (1.2 fm) and $A$ is the mass number (total number of protons + neutrons).

Note

The $A^{1/3}$ dependence is the key. It means volume grows linearly with $A$ , not faster.

Why $A^{1/3}$ ? Because nucleons are packed as tightly as possible — like spheres in a close-packed arrangement. If you double the number of nucleons, you need to double the volume, so the radius must increase by $2^{1/3}$ .

Step 2: Volume from the radius

Assuming the nucleus is a sphere:

V = \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi (R_0 A^{1/3})^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A

Notice: the $A^{1/3}$ cube gives $A$ directly. So volume is proportional to $A$ .

Step 3: Mass of the nucleus

The mass of the nucleus is approximately:

M \approx A \cdot m_{\text{nucleon}}

where $m_{\text{nucleon}} \approx 1.67 \times 10^{-27}\ \text{kg}$ (the average mass of a proton or neutron). The small mass defect from binding energy is negligible for this calculation.

Step 4: Density

Nuclear density $\rho$ is mass divided by volume:

\rho = \frac{M}{V} = \frac{A \cdot m_{\text{nucleon}}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A} = \frac{m_{\text{nucleon}}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3}

Important

The $A$ cancels completely. Nuclear density is independent of the nucleus size.

Step 5: The numerical value

Plugging in the numbers:

\rho = \frac{1.67 \times 10^{-27}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi (1.2 \times 10^{-15})^3} \approx 2.3 \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3

\rho_{\text{nuclear}} \approx 2.3 \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3

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The nucleus is tiny, positively charged, and contains nearly all the atom's mass. Because mass is concentrated in a volume ~10⁻¹⁵ times smaller than the atom, nuclear density is enormous—and remarkably, it is constant across all nuclei at roughly $2.3 \times 10^{17} \, \text{kg m}^{-3}$ .

(a) Two Properties of a Nucleus

The nucleus sits at the heart of every atom and governs its identity. Two fundamental properties stand out:

1. Positive charge: The nucleus carries a net positive charge equal to $+Ze$ , where $Z$ is the atomic number (number of protons) and $e = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{C}$ . This charge binds the surrounding electrons and determines the chemical behavior of the element.

2. Extremely small size: The nuclear radius is of the order $10^{-15} \, \text{m}$ (1 femtometer or 1 fm), roughly 100,000 times smaller than the atomic radius ( $\sim 10^{-10} \, \text{m}$ ). Despite this tiny volume, the nucleus contains nearly all the atom's mass—protons and neutrons are each about 1836 times heavier than an electron.

Note

Other valid properties include: the nucleus contains protons and neutrons (nucleons), it is held together by the strong nuclear force, and its mass is slightly less than the sum of its constituent nucleons due to binding energy.

(b) Why Nuclear Density Exceeds Atomic Density

Density is mass per unit volume: $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$ . The stark difference between nuclear and atomic densities arises from two facts:

Mass concentration: More than 99.9% of an atom's mass resides in the nucleus (protons and neutrons), while electrons contribute negligibly.
Volume disparity: The nucleus occupies a volume roughly $(10^{-15}/10^{-10})^3 = 10^{-15}$ times that of the atom.

When you pack almost all the mass into a volume a million-billion times smaller, the density skyrockets. The atom is mostly empty space—electrons orbit far from the nucleus—so atomic density is low. The nucleus, by contrast, is a tightly packed cluster of nucleons.

A quick estimate: if the atomic radius is $r_{\text{atom}} \sim 10^{-10} \, \text{m}$ and the nuclear radius is $r_{\text{nucleus}} \sim 10^{-15} \, \text{m}$ , then

\frac{\rho_{\text{nucleus}}}{\rho_{\text{atom}}} \sim \left(\frac{r_{\text{atom}}}{r_{\text{nucleus}}}\right)^3 = \left(\frac{10^{-10}}{10^{-15}}\right)^3 = 10^{15}.

Nuclear matter is about a million billion times denser than ordinary atomic matter.

(c) Showing That Nuclear Density Is Constant

The remarkable uniformity of nuclear density across all elements follows from how nuclear size scales with mass number.

The key empirical fact: Experiments (Rutherford scattering, electron scattering) show that the nuclear radius $R$ depends on the mass number $A$ (total number of nucleons) as

R = R_0 A^{1/3},

where $R_0 \approx 1.2 \, \text{fm} = 1.2 \times 10^{-15} \, \text{m}$ is a constant.

This tells us that nuclear volume grows linearly with the number of nucleons—each nucleon occupies roughly the same volume, as if nucleons are incompressible spheres packed together.

Now we calculate the density step by step:

Volume of the nucleus: Treating the nucleus as a sphere, $V = \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi (R_0 A^{1/3})^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A.$ …

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Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQ
$Q. The nuclear density is approximately (A) independent of mass number (B) directly proportional to mass number (C) inversely proportional to mass number (D) directly proportional to A^(1/3)$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Nuclear radius R = R₀A^(1/3), so volume ∝ A and mass ∝ A, making density independent of A.

The nuclear radius follows the empirical relation $R = R_0 A^{1/3}$ , where $R_0 \approx 1.2$ fm and $A$ is the mass number.

Volume of the nucleus: $V = \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A$ , so $V \propto A$ .

Mass of the nucleus: $M \approx A \times m_{nucleon}$ , so $M \propto A$ .

…

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CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. The nuclei have their mass numbers in the ratio of 1:3. The ratio of their nuclear densities would be$
(a) (3)^(1/3) : 1
(b) 1:1
(c) 1:3
(d) 3:1
›Reveal solutionSolution

Because the nuclear radius scales as R = R0 A^(1/3), the nuclear volume scales exactly as A, so density = mass/volume comes out essentially the same constant for every nucleus, regardless of A.

Nuclear radius: R = R0 A^(1/3), where R0 approx 1.2 fm is a constant.

Nuclear volume: V = (4/3) pi R^3 = (4/3) pi R0^3 A

Since nuclear mass is approximately proportional to A (mass number, roughly A times the nucleon mass), density:

rho = mass / volume is proportional to A / A = constant

…

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CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. The density of nuclear matter is independent of the size of the nucleus. (T/F)$
›Reveal solutionSolution

This statement is True — nuclear density is essentially the same for all nuclei, independent of the mass number (size) of the nucleus.

The radius of a nucleus with mass number $A$ is given empirically by $R = R_0 A^{1/3}$ , where $R_0 \approx 1.2$ fm is a constant. The nuclear volume is then $V \propto R^3 \propto A$ , and since the nuclear mass is also proportional to $A$ (each nucleon has roughly the same mass), the density …

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CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 mark
$1:4$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Nuclear density is (almost exactly) the same for all nuclei, regardless of mass number.

Nuclear density is given by $\rho = \dfrac{\text{mass}}{\text{volume}} = \dfrac{mA}{\frac43\pi R^3}$ , where the nuclear radius scales as $R = R_0 A^{1/3}$ . Substituting:

$\rho = \frac{mA}{\frac43\pi (R_0A^{1/3})^3} = \frac{mA}{\frac43\pi R_0^3 A} = \frac{m}{\frac43\pi R_0^3}$

…

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CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:3, the ratio of the nuclear densities are$
(a) 3:1
(b) 1:1
(c) 1:9
(d) 1:3
›Reveal solutionSolution

Nuclear density $\rho = \text{mass}/\text{volume} \propto A/A^3 \cdot 3 =$ constant, since the nuclear radius $R\propto A^{1/3}$ makes volume $\propto A$ — so it does not depend on mass number at all.

The empirical nuclear radius formula is $R = R_0 A^{1/3}$ , where $R_0\approx 1.2\,\text{fm}$ is a constant and $A$ is the mass number. The nuclear volume is

$V = \tfrac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \tfrac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A$

which is directly proportional to $A$ . The nuclear mass is also (to good approximation) proportional to $A$ , since $M \approx A\,u$ (each nucleon contributes roughly one atomic mass unit).

So the nuclear density is …

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CBSE 2023Set 55/1/11 markMCQ
$A$
(a) proportional to $A^{1/3}$
(b) proportional to $A^{2/3}$
(c) proportional to $A^{3}$
(d) independent of $A$
›Reveal solutionSolution
The mass density of a nucleus is roughly constant for all nuclei because both the mass and the volume scale with the mass number $A$ , making the density independent of $A$ . The correct option is (d).

The key idea here is that a nucleus behaves like a tiny, incompressible drop of nuclear matter. Its volume is proportional to the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons), and its mass is also proportional to that number. When you take the ratio, the $A$ cancels out.

Let’s see why this is true step by step.

What is mass number $A$ ?

$A$ is the total number of nucleons in the nucleus. The mass of a single nucleon is roughly $m_n \approx 1.67 \times 10^{-27}$ kg. So the mass of the nucleus is approximately $M \approx A \cdot m_n$ . This is a direct proportionality: $M \propto A$ .

How does the size of a nucleus scale with $A$ ?

Experiments (like Rutherford scattering) show that the radius $R$ of a nucleus follows the empirical formula:

$R = R_0 A^{1/3}$
where $R_0 \approx 1.2 \times 10^{-15}$ m (about 1.2 femtometers). This is a well-established result — the nuclear volume grows with the number of nucleons.

What is the volume of the nucleus? Treating the nucleus as a sphere:

$V = \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi (R_0 A^{1/3})^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A$
So $V \propto A$ . The volume is directly proportional to the number of nucleons.

Now compute the density: …
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CBSE 2022Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 27. What is the ratio of nuclear density?$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Nuclear density is the same for all nuclei, so the ratio is 1 : 1.

The nuclear radius is $R = R_0 A^{1/3}$ , so the nuclear volume is

$V = \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3\,A.$

The nuclear mass is proportional to the mass number, $m \approx A\,m_{nucleon}$ . Hence the density is

$\rho = \frac{m}{V} = \frac{A\,m_{nucleon}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3 A} = \frac{m_{nucleon}}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R_0^3},$ …

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CBSE 2020Set 55/1/11 mark
$^{27}_{13}\text{Al}$
(OR)
$A proton and an electron have equal speeds. Find the ratio of de Broglie wavelengths associated with them.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Part (a): Since $R\propto A^{1/3}$ , $R_{\text{Cu}}=R_{\text{Al}}(64/27)^{1/3}=3.6\times\tfrac43=4.8\ \text{fermi}$ .

Part (b): With equal speeds $\lambda\propto1/m$ , so $\lambda_p/\lambda_e=m_e/m_p\approx1/1836$ .

Part (a)

The nucleus behaves like a constant-density drop, so its volume $\propto A$ and its radius follows
$R=R_0A^{1/3},\qquad R_0\approx1.2\ \text{fm}.$
Taking a ratio removes $R_0$ :
$\frac{R_{\text{Cu}}}{R_{\text{Al}}}=\left(\frac{A_{\text{Cu}}}{A_{\text{Al}}}\right)^{1/3}=\left(\frac{64}{27}\right)^{1/3}=\frac{4}{3}.$
With $R_{\text{Al}}=3.6\ \text{fm}$ :

$R_{\text{Cu}}=3.6\times\frac{4}{3}=4.8\ \text{fm}.$ …
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CBSE 2020Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. The nucleus is approximately spherical in shape. Then the surface area of nucleus having mass number A varies as :$
(a) $A^{5/3}$
(b) $A^{2/3}$
(c) $A^{4/3}$
(d) $A^{1/3}$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Since the nuclear radius scales as $A^{1/3}$ , the surface area of the (spherical) nucleus scales as $(A^{1/3})^2=A^{2/3}$ .

Working

The empirical nuclear radius formula is

$R=R_0A^{1/3},\qquad R_0\approx1.2\ \text{fm}$

Treating the nucleus as a sphere, its surface area is …

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Q.(a) State any two properties of a nucleus.

Concept understanding — Nuclear Density Calculation

Nuclear Density: Why All Nuclei Are Almost Equally Dense

The Intuition

The Precise Statement

Deriving the Density

The Numerical Value

Why This Matters

Why this formula?

Why Nuclear Density is Constant — The Reasoning

Step 1: The nuclear volume formula

Step 2: Volume from the radius

Step 3: Mass of the nucleus

Step 4: Density

Step 5: The numerical value

(a) Two properties of a nucleus

(a) Two Properties of a Nucleus

(b) Why Nuclear Density Exceeds Atomic Density

(c) Showing That Nuclear Density Is Constant

Part (a)

Q.(a) State any two properties of a nucleus.

(a) Two Properties of a Nucleus

(b) Why Nuclear Density Exceeds Atomic Density

(c) Showing That Nuclear Density Is Constant

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