Q.Two particles each move uniformly on a circle lying in a plane, the centre of each circle at the origin of its own $x$ and $y$ axes. For each, obtain the simple harmonic motion of the $x$-projection of the radius vector of the revolving particle P.
Motion (a): circle of radius $3$ cm, period of revolution $2$ s. At the instant $t = 0$ the particle P is at the lowest point of the circle, on the negative $y$-axis at coordinates $(0,\ -3\ \text{cm})$, and it revolves in the clockwise sense.
Motion (b): circle of radius $2$ m, period of revolution $4$ s. At $t = 0$ the particle P is at the left-most point of the circle, on the negative $x$-axis at coordinates $(-2\ \text{m},\ 0)$, and it revolves in the anticlockwise sense.

Simple Harmonic Motion: The Natural Rhythm of Things

Imagine a ball placed at the bottom of a perfectly smooth, U-shaped bowl. If you give it a gentle push, what happens? It rolls up one side, slows down, stops for an instant, then rolls back down, past the bottom, up the other side, stops, and returns. Left alone, it keeps doing this — back and forth, back and forth — in a steady, repeating rhythm.

That rhythm is the heart of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM). It's the most fundamental kind of oscillatory (back-and-forth) motion in physics.

The Intuition: A Restoring Force That Fights Displacement

The key idea is this: the further you push the object from its resting (equilibrium) position, the stronger the force that tries to pull it back.

In the bowl, when the ball is at the bottom (equilibrium), gravity pulls straight down, and the bowl pushes straight up — no sideways force. But when you push the ball up the side, gravity now has a component that pulls it down the slope. The higher up the side you push it, the steeper the slope, and the stronger that pull-back force becomes.

This is a restoring force — it always points toward equilibrium. And crucially, in SHM, this restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. Double the displacement, double the restoring force.

The Precise Statement

Simple Harmonic Motion is the motion of an object where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium and acts in the opposite direction.

That's it. That single condition — $F = -kx$ — is the entire definition. Everything else (the sine waves, the formulas for period and frequency) follows mathematically from this one law.

What Does This Motion Look Like?

If you track the ball's position over time, you get a beautiful, smooth wave — a sine wave (or cosine wave). It's the same shape as the shadow of a spinning wheel cast on a wall.

The motion has three key descriptors:

1. Amplitude ($A$): The maximum displacement from equilibrium. How far you initially pushed the ball up the side of the bowl.
2. Period ($T$): The time it takes to complete one full back-and-forth cycle (e.g., from the leftmost point, back to the leftmost point).
3. Frequency ($f$): How many cycles happen per second. $f = 1/T$.

The Mathematical Description (Derived from $F = -kx$)

Using Newton's second law ($F = ma$) and the definition of acceleration ($a = \frac{d^2x}{dt^2}$), the condition $F = -kx$ becomes:

This is a differential equation. Its solution — the position as a function of time — is:

Where:

• $\omega = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}$ is the angular frequency (radians per second). It tells you how fast the oscillation is.
• $\phi$ is the phase constant (determines where in the cycle you start measuring time). …