Differentiate between Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi as the three inner limbs of Astanga Yoga.

Concept understanding — Pratyahara

Pratyahara: The Art of Turning the Senses Inward

Imagine you are sitting in a quiet room, trying to focus on a single thought. Suddenly, a loud noise outside pulls your attention. Or a smell from the kitchen distracts you. Or an itch on your arm demands to be scratched. Your senses are constantly reaching outward, grabbing at the world, and dragging your mind along with them.

Pratyahara is the practice of consciously withdrawing those senses. It is not about forcing the world to be quiet. It is about learning to not respond to the sensory input that is always there. Think of it as the mental equivalent of closing your eyes when you want to think more clearly — except you are learning to "close" all your senses at will.

Note

The word Pratyahara comes from Sanskrit: prati (against, away) + ahara (food, or that which is taken in). The senses are constantly "taking in" food from the outside world. Pratyahara means to stop taking that food in — to turn the senses away from their objects.

The Precise Statement

In the classical eight-limbed path of Yoga (Ashtanga Yoga) as taught by Patanjali, Pratyahara is the fifth limb. It is the bridge between the first four limbs (which deal with external behaviour and the body) and the last three limbs (which deal with the mind and deep concentration).

The formal definition from the Yoga Sutras (Sutra 2.54) is:

Sva-vishaya-asamprayoge chittasya svarupe-anukarah indriyanam pratyaharah

Which translates to: Pratyahara is when the senses, by not coming into contact with their objects, follow the nature of the mind (chitta), as if withdrawing into it.

Important

The key insight: The senses do not stop working. Your ears still hear, your eyes still see. But the connection between the sense organ and the mind is cut. The mind is no longer dragged outward by the senses. Instead, the senses become quiet and follow the mind inward.

How It Works in Practice

Consider a simple experiment. Stare at a single point on the wall. Your eyes are open, light is entering them. But if you focus your mind on the sensation of your breath at your nostrils, you are no longer seeing the wall in the usual sense. The visual data is there, but your awareness is not going out to it. That is a tiny taste of Pratyahara.

The progression is usually:

External senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) — you learn to ignore them.
Internal senses (the feeling of your own body, the chatter of your own thoughts) — you learn to observe them without being pulled by them. …

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Dharana = concentration on one point; Dhyana = uninterrupted meditation; Samadhi = complete absorption. Each is a deeper stage of the same inward focus.

The last three limbs of Astanga Yoga are the inner (antaranga) limbs, forming a continuous deepening of mental focus:

Dharana (concentration): fixing and holding the mind steadily on a single point or object (a mantra, image or the breath). Attention still wavers and has to be repeatedly brought back.
Dhyana (meditation): when concentration becomes steady and uninterrupted, flowing continuously towards the object without distraction — an unbroken stream of awareness.
Samadhi (absorption): the highest stage, where the meditator becomes completely absorbed in and one with the object of meditation; the distinction between the meditator, the act of meditating and the object dissolves, bringing profound stillness and self-realisation. …

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Q.Differentiate between Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi as the three inner limbs of Astanga Yoga.

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