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IV. Conceptual Questions · Q6

Q.A rectangular block rests on a horizontal table. A horizontal force is applied on the block at a height hh above the table to move the block. Does the line of action of the normal force NN exerted by the table on the block depend on hh?

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Step 1. Identify all the forces acting on the block.

Three (or four) forces act on the rectangular block resting on the table: its own weight mgmg, acting vertically downward through its center of mass CC; the table's normal reaction NN, acting vertically upward, distributed somewhere across the base of the block in contact with the table; the applied horizontal force FF, acting at height hh above the table; and, if the block is not yet sliding, static friction ff opposing FF at the base.

Step 2. Apply translational equilibrium (vertical direction) — this fixes NN's magnitude, not its location.

Since there is no vertical acceleration, the net vertical force is zero:

N−mg=0⇒N=mg.N-mg=0\quad\Rightarrow\quad N=mg.

This shows NN's MAGNITUDE is simply mgmg, entirely independent of hh — but this equation says nothing at all about WHERE, across the base, this net upward force effectively acts. That question is answered only by the separate, rotational condition.

Step 3. Apply rotational equilibrium (torques about the center of mass) — this is what fixes NN's line of action.

Take torques about the center of mass CC (a convenient, fixed reference point). The applied force FF, acting horizontally at height hh above the table (hence at a vertical distance from CC), produces a torque of magnitude F⋅(vertical lever arm)F\cdot(\text{vertical lever arm}) about CC, tending to rotate the block. For the block to remain in rotational equilibrium (not tip over), some other force must supply an exactly equal and opposite torque about CC. Weight mgmg passes straight through CC and contributes no torque about CC by definition. Friction ff acts at the base, essentially at the same height as NN (zero height, i.e. no vertical lever arm relative to the base line), so on its own it contributes a torque about CC set by its horizontal lever arm below CC, but not one that can freely vary to balance an arbitrary FF-torque. It falls to NN — by shifting where, across the base, it effectively acts — to supply the necessary balancing torque.

Step 4. See explicitly how NN's line of action must move. …

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