Q.Differentiate hyperglycemia from hypoglycemia.

Step 1. Hyperglycaemia, also called diabetes mellitus, is caused by reduced insulin secretion (Type I) or reduced insulin sensitivity/insulin resistance (Type II), so blood glucose rises above normal.

Step 2. Its symptoms include polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive food intake), polydipsia (excessive thirst-driven fluid intake), ketosis (ketone body accumulation from fat breakdown), and gluconeogenesis (conversion of non-carbohydrate substrates into glucose).

Step 3. Hypoglycaemia is the opposite disorder, caused by increased insulin secretion, so blood glucose falls below the normal fasting level. …

Contrast the two disorders on three axes: direction of glucose change, h …

• Swapping which condition (excess vs deficient insulin) causes which di …