Ch 15Recent Trends in Marketing — Class 12 Commerce, concept-first.

Marketing has moved a long way from the older, production-and-selling-centred view of business towards a customer-centred, technology-enabled, socially conscious activity.

Green marketing is the process of marketing products and services on the basis of genuine environmental benefits — either the product itself is environmentally friendlier (biodegradable packaging, ene…

Social marketing applies ordinary marketing principles and techniques — not to sell a commercial product, but to promote ideas, causes, or behaviour changes that benefit society, such as immunisation…

Direct marketing is a form of marketing in which a firm communicates directly with individual, carefully targeted customers to obtain an immediate, measurable response — typically an order, an enquiry…

Online marketing (also called internet marketing or e-marketing) uses the internet and digital devices — websites, search engines, social media, email, mobile apps — to promote and sell products and s…

Relationship marketing focuses on building and maintaining long-term, mutually beneficial relationships with customers, rather than treating each sale as a one-off transaction.

Rural marketing is marketing directed at customers in rural areas, which in India represent a very large population and a growing market as rural incomes rise.

Telemarketing is marketing and selling conducted over the telephone — a salesperson (or an automated system) calls prospective customers to describe a product, answer questions, and try to close a sal…

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.