Q.Discuss the various properties of conductors in electrostatic equilibrium.

Step 1. Zero interior field. The field is exactly zero everywhere inside the bulk of a conductor at electrostatic equilibrium -- any nonzero interior field would keep driving the remaining free charges to move, contradicting equilibrium.

Step 2. All charge on the surface. Since the interior field is zero, any Gaussian surface drawn just inside the conductor's surface encloses zero net charge (Gauss's law), so any excess charge given to the conductor resides entirely on its outer surface.

Step 3. Field normal to the surface. The field just outside a charged conductor's surface is always perpendicular to the surface, with magnitude $E=\sigma/\varepsilon_0$; a tangential component would keep driving surface charge to flow sideways, again contradicting equilibrium. …

Work through the four properties in turn (zero interior field, surface-only charge, normal exterior field, uniform potential), eac …

• Presenting the four properties as independent facts rather than showing how each follows logically from the equilibrium c …