Q.Mention any three tools used in genetic engineering.

Genetic engineering relies on molecular tools such as restriction enzymes, vectors, and DNA ligase to isolate, carry, and join genes.

Three important tools used in genetic engineering:

• Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes): bacterial enzymes that recognise specific short DNA sequences and cut the DNA at or near that site, acting as 'molecular scissors' to excise a gene of interest or cut open a vector.
• Vectors (e.g., plasmids, bacteriophages): self-replicating DNA molecules used to carry the foreign gene of interest into a host cell; plasmids are small circular DNA molecules commonly used to clone and express genes in bacteria such as E. coli.
• DNA ligase: an enzyme that joins (seals) the cut ends of DNA fragments together, forming a stable recombinant DNA molecule by creating phosphodiester bonds between the vector and the foreign gene. …