Q.Explain the steps in the process of controlling, and show how controlling is related to planning.

Controlling is the function that closes the loop on planning — checking whether what actually happened matches what the plan said should happen.

Steps in controlling:

1. Setting performance standards — deciding the quantitative or qualitative targets against which actual performance will later be judged.
2. Measurement of actual performance — measuring what was actually achieved, ideally in the same units as the standard, and at an appropriate frequency.
3. Comparing actual performance with standards — identifying the extent of any deviation between the planned standard and the actual result.
4. Analysing deviations — deciding which deviations are significant enough to need attention, often using the management-by-exception principle (only significant deviations are escalated) or critical-point control (focusing on key areas most important to overall success).
5. Taking corrective action — if a deviation is significant, management corrects the cause of the deviation, or, if the standard itself was found unrealistic, revises the standard. …

Describing controlling as merely "finding fault" or punishing employees, rather than as a constructive, forward-looking process …