Q.What is genetically engineered Insulin?

Step 1. Define the term: 'genetically engineered insulin' refers to recombinant human insulin, produced by inserting the human insulin gene into a bacterial host (E. coli) via a plasmid vector, rather than by extracting insulin from animal pancreases. Step 2. Explain the mechanism: the engineered E. coli first synthesise a precursor protein, pre-pro-insulin, containing the A and B chains linked by a connecting C-chain and preceded by a leader sequence; the leader sequence is removed after translation and the C-chain is excised, leaving the mature, correctly folded two-chain (A and B) human insulin held together by disulphide bonds. Step 3. State why it mattered: this was the first-ever pharmaceutical product made by recombinant DNA technology, approved for human use in 1982 and marketed as Humulin from 1986, and because it is structurally identical to natural hu …

Define recombinant insulin, explain how the inserted gene is expressed and processed into mature insulin, and state …

• Describing it as simply 'purified insulin' without mentioning the actual gene-insertion/bacterial-host mechanism. …