What is meant by 'herd immunity'?

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Herd immunity refers to the indirect protection that a community as a whole gains once a sufficiently large fraction of its members have become immune to a particular disease — either through vaccination or through past natural infection. Once this threshold of immune individuals is crossed, the pathogen finds it very difficult to find enough susceptible people to keep spreading, which means chains of transmission break down. This indirectly protects even people who cannot be vaccinated themselves, such as newborns or those with certain medical conditions, making herd immunity one of the strongest public-health arguments for maintaining high vaccination coverag …

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Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. BCG is a vaccine against$
(a) Typhoid
(b) Tuberculosis
(c) Measles
(d) Chicken pox
›Reveal solutionSolution

BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) is the vaccine given against tuberculosis.

BCG is prepared from a live, attenuated (weakened) strain of Mycobacterium bovis, and is administered (usually at birth in India) to confer immunity against **tuberculosi …

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$Q. Polio vaccine is prepared by which one of the following processes?$
(a) Attenuated virus
(b) Dead pathogen
(c) Surface chemical
(d) Toxoid
›Reveal solutionSolution
Vaccines can be made using attenuated (weakened live) pathogens, dead pathogens, purified surface antigens, or inactivated toxins (toxoids); the oral polio vaccine used in mass immunisation programmes (like India's Pulse Polio) is prepared from an attenuated (live but weakened) strain of poliovirus.

Immunisation works by exposing the body to a modified/harmless form of a pathogen so that the immune system generates memory cells without causing the actual disease. Different vaccine types use different strategies:

Attenuated (live, weakened) pathogens: the pathogen is weakened so it can no longer cause disease but still stimulates a strong, long-lasting immune response — e.g. BCG (for TB) and the oral (Sabin) polio vaccine. …
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CBSE 2018Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. In the given diagram of vaccine manufacturing process 'A' is ______.$
(a) antigen
(b) antibody
(c) antitoxin
(d) antibiotics
›Reveal solutionSolution

(a) antigen — the inactivated organism itself serves as the antigen, which is combined with a diluent and an adjuvant to formulate the vaccine.

'A' in the flow diagram is the antigen (the inactivated organism itself).

In vaccine manufacturing, disease-causing organisms are first grown in culture and then inactivated (killed) or attenuated, so they can no longer cause disease but still retain their surface antigenic determinants. This inactivated organism preparation is, itself, the antigen — the substance that will provoke a protective immune response when administered. To formulate the final vaccine, this antigen is combined with a diluent (to bring it to the correct concentration/volume for administration) and an adjuvant (a substance that boosts and prolongs the immune respo …

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Q.What is meant by 'herd immunity'?

Concept understanding — Vaccination

Q.What is meant by 'herd immunity'?

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