Ch 8Environment and Sustainable Economic Development — Class 12 Economics, concept-first.

Every economic activity — sowing a crop, running a factory, driving a bus, mining bauxite — draws something from the natural environment and returns something to it.

If growth is pursued without regard to its environmental cost, the very process of development can degrade the resource base and life-support systems described in the previous section.

Alongside pollution, the second major environmental concern raised by economic growth is the pace at which natural resources are used up.

The concerns raised in the previous two sections — degradation caused by growth, and the physical limits on resource use — led directly to the idea that development itself needs to be redefined so it…

If ordinary GDP does not capture resource depletion or environmental damage, as established earlier in this chapter, planners need alternative measures that do.

Having established why environmental degradation occurs, and how it can be measured, this final section of the chapter surveys how governments — internationally and within India — have responded throu…

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.