Q.Write a short note on any two struggles for full citizen-rights enjoyment in India in recent years. Which rights were claimed?
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Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Two real Indian examples of struggles for full citizen-rights: the urban poor/street vendors' struggle for the right to livelihood and shelter (Olga Tellis case, 2004 street vendor policy), and the women's movement and dalit movement's ongoing struggle for genuinely equal rights and opportunities, despite formal constitutional equality.
1. The urban poor's struggle for the right to livelihood and shelter. India's slum-dwellers, squatters, and street vendors are formally equal citizens, but in practice have often been treated as unwelcome, blamed for straining city resources, and threatened with eviction without any alternative. Slum-dwellers began organising and, in some cases, approaching the courts to claim their rights. In the landmark Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case (1985), a Public Interest Litigation led the Supreme Court to hold that the Article 21 right to life includes the right to livelihood — so pavement dwellers could not be evicted unless first provided alternative accommodation, effectively reading in a right to shelter. Separately, growing awareness of the harassment faced by street vendors led to a national policy on urban street vendors being framed in January 2004, aimed at letting vendors carry on their profession without police or municipal harassment as long as they followed regulation. The right being claimed in both cases was, at its core, the right to livelihood (and, through it, a right to shelter). …
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