Q.Match the following concepts with appropriate instances:

Affirmative action is the idea that establishing formal legal equality is not enough, on its own, to overcome inequality that is deeply and historically rooted in a society — and that more positive, deliberate measures are needed to correct the cumulative effects of past injustice.

It can take many forms: preferential spending on facilities for disadvantaged communities, scholarships and hostels, or special consideration in admissions to education and jobs. In India, the main instrument has been a system of quotas or reserved seats in education and public employment for groups identified as socially and educationally deprived — defended on the ground that groups who suffered systematic exclusion in the past cannot be expected to immediately compete with others on equal terms, and meant to be a temporary, time-bound measure until they can. …