Q.Which of the following violate the principles of equality? And why?

Judging whether a policy violates equality means asking whether it treats people differently on the basis of who they are (usually unjust) or whether it responds to a genuine, relevant difference in need (which can be justified). …

1. Every child in class reading the text of the play by turn is not a violation of equality. It is a neutral, identical rule applied to everyone in rotation, giving each child exactly the same chance to read — it doesn't exclude or disadvantage anyone on the basis of who they are.
2. The Government of Canada's post-war policy of specifically encouraging white European migration does violate equality. This is an explicit racial preference in access to migration and citizenship — treating people differently purely because of their race or origin, exactly the kind of unacceptable distinction the chapter identifies (comparable to the racially segregated facilities discussed earlier in the chapter). It denies equal opportunity to non-white migrants purely on the basis of an inherited characteristic they did not choose.
3. A separate railway reservation counter for senior citizens is not a violation. This is a justified case of differential treatment for a group with a genuine, relevant additional need related to age and mobility — it is a facility, not an exclusion, and does not deny anyone else their basic right to travel or book tickets. …