Phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis is catalysed by (a) Phosphoglucomutase (b) Phosphoglucoisomerase

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Q. Phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis is catalysed by

(a) Phosphoglucomutase

(b) Phosphoglucoisomerase

(d) Phosphorylase

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Concept understanding — Glycolysis

Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Extraction

Imagine you have a glucose molecule — a six-carbon sugar packed with energy. Your cells need that energy, but they can't burn glucose directly like fuel in a furnace. They need to break it down step by step, capturing the released energy in usable forms. Glycolysis is that first, universal breakdown pathway.

It happens in the cytoplasm of every living cell — bacteria, yeast, plant, or human. No oxygen required. That's why it's ancient: it worked before Earth's atmosphere had oxygen.

The Big Picture

Glycolysis takes one molecule of glucose (6 carbons) and splits it into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons each). Along the way, it produces a small net gain of ATP (the cell's energy currency) and NADH (an electron carrier that stores energy for later use).

The full name is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, after the scientists who worked it out.

\text{Glucose (6C)} + 2\text{ NAD}^+ + 2\text{ ADP} + 2\text{ P}_i \rightarrow 2\text{ Pyruvate (3C)} + 2\text{ NADH} + 2\text{ H}^+ + 2\text{ ATP} + 2\text{ H}_2\text{O}

The Two Phases

Glycolysis has ten enzyme-catalysed steps, but they fall into two clear phases.

Phase 1: Energy Investment (Steps 1–5)

You spend 2 ATP molecules to phosphorylate glucose, making it reactive. The 6-carbon sugar is then split into two 3-carbon molecules called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). No energy has been earned yet — you're in the red by 2 ATP.

Phase 2: Energy Payoff (Steps 6–10)

Each G3P is oxidised and converted to pyruvate. For each G3P, you gain 2 ATP and 1 NADH. Since you started with two G3P molecules, the total gain is 4 ATP and 2 NADH.

Net result: 4 ATP earned − 2 ATP spent = 2 ATP net gain, plus 2 NADH.

Tip

Remember the net ATP as 2 — one from each of the two 3-carbon fragments after the investment phase.

Key Details for Exams

The substrate-level phosphorylation happens in two steps: one produces ATP from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (via phosphoglycerate kinase), the other from phosphoenolpyruvate (via pyruvate kinase). Both are direct transfers of a phosphate group to ADP — no electron transport chain involved.

The oxidation step is step 6: G3P dehydrogenase removes two hydrogens (as a hydride ion and a proton) and passes them to NAD⁺, forming NADH. This is the only oxidation step in glycolysis.

Watch out

NADH produced in glycolysis cannot enter the mitochondria directly. In the absence of oxygen, it must be recycled back to NAD⁺ by fermentation (lactic acid or alcoholic) to keep glycolysis running. In the presence of oxygen, the NADH is shuttled into the mitochondria.

Why It Matters

Glycolysis is the only energy-yielding pathway that works without oxygen. It's fast — red blood cells rely entirely on it because they lack mitochondria. It also provides pyruvate, which feeds into the Krebs cycle when oxygen is present, unlocking far more ATP (about 36 total per glucose).

Final answer: Glycolysis is the cytoplasmic, oxygen-independent pathway that partially oxidises one glucose (6C) to two pyruvate (3C) molecules, yielding a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose.

Glycolysis is a textbook-aligned concept from the Respiration in Plants unit of the Class 11 NCERT/CBSE Biology syllabus, making it a frequent entry in "Glycolysis important questions" lists and a favourite for NEET Biology multiple-choice questions on plant physiology.

Hexokinase catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the entry step of glycolysis.

Glycolysis is a ten-reaction pathway that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, occurring in the cytoplasm of every living cell. Before glucose can be broken down, it must first be activated by the addition of a phosphate group, which also commits it to the pathway.

Glucose (and fructose, once sucrose has been split into its two monosaccharides by invertase) is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate. The enzyme responsible for this step is hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate is then isomerised to fructose-6-phosphate, and a second ATP-consuming phosphorylation converts this to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, which is subsequently split into two three-carbon units.

Note

ATP is spent at exactly two points early in glycolysis — glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate — before any ATP is regenerated later in the pathway.

Of the listed options, phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucoisomerase act on already-phosphorylated sugars in other contexts, and phosphorylase is involved in breaking down stored polysaccharides, not in this initial phosphorylation of free glucose.

✓Final answer

Option (C) Hexokinase is the enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate at the start of glycolysis.

Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

Showing the 12 most recent of 14 on this concept.

CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Glycolysis takes place in:$
(a) Chloroplast
(b) Cytoplasm
(c) Ribosome
(d) Mitochondria
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell.

Glycolysis (also called the EMP pathway, after Embden, Meyerhof, and Parnas) is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalysed reactions that convert one 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Because all the enzymes of this pathway are dissolved, soluble enzymes present freely in the cytosol — and no membrane-bound organelle is needed for this stage — glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. This is true whether the cell subsequently respires aerobically (pyruvate then enters the mitochondria for the Krebs cycle and ETC) or ferments anaerobically (pyruvate is converted to ethanol/lactic acid, still within the cytoplasm). Chloroplasts, ribosomes, and mitochondria are not involved in glycolysis itself — the mitochondrion only becomes involved in the LATER, aerobic stages of respiration.

✓Final answer
$(b) Cytoplasm — glycolysis is a cytosolic pathway, common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.$
CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. What is the site of glycolysis in a cell ?$
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Cytoplasm
(c) Nucleus
(d) Chloroplast
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, so the answer is (B).

Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas or EMP pathway) is the partial oxidation of one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid. It occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell and does not require oxygen. It yields a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

The subsequent steps — the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain — occur in the mitochondria, but glycolysis itself is cytoplasmic.

✓Final answer
$(B) Cytoplasm.$
CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Which of the following processes does not occur in mitochondria ?$
(a) Krebs cycle
(b) Glycolysis
(c) Electron transport chain
(d) Oxidative phosphorylation
›Reveal solutionSolution
Glycolysis does not occur in mitochondria (it occurs in the cytoplasm), so the answer is (B).

Locations of the stages of aerobic respiration:

Glycolysis — cytoplasm (does NOT occur in mitochondria).

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) — mitochondrial matrix.

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation — inner mitochondrial membrane.

Since glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, it is the process that does not occur in the mitochondria.

✓Final answer
$(B) Glycolysis.$
CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Assertion (A) : Glycolysis take place in Cytoplasm and produce 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Reason (R) : Glycolysis is aerobic process and oxidise substrate fully. Choose the correct option using the codes given below.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Assertion (A) is a correct description of glycolysis; Reason (R) is factually wrong, since glycolysis is anaerobic and only partially oxidises the substrate.

Assertion (A): Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) does take place in the cytoplasm, converting one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. This is correct.

Reason (R): Glycolysis is described here as "aerobic" and as fully oxidising the substrate. Both parts of this are wrong:

Glycolysis occurs whether or not oxygen is present — it is essentially an anaerobic process; the fate of pyruvate afterwards (aerobic respiration in mitochondria, or anaerobic fermentation) depends on O2 availability, but glycolysis itself does not require O2.

Glucose is only partially oxidised to pyruvic acid in glycolysis; complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O happens later, in the link reaction and Krebs cycle (aerobic respiration).

Since the Assertion is true but the Reason is factually false, the correct choice is that A is true and R is false.

✓Final answer
$(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.$
CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Which of the following statements describe the characteristics of glycolysis? (I) In this process, three molecules of pyruvic acid are formed from one molecule of glucose. (II) CO2 is not generated in this process. (III) Two molecules of NADH2 are formed in this process.$
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) I, II and III
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis yields 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP (net) + 2 NADH per glucose, with no CO2 released — so only statements II and III are correct.

Glycolysis is the sequence of ten enzyme-catalysed reactions (occurring in the cytoplasm) that breaks down one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (a 3-carbon compound) — not three molecules, so statement I is incorrect.

During this pathway, no CO2 is released at any step — CO2 is only produced later, during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate (link reaction) and in the Krebs cycle. So statement II, 'CO2 is not generated in this process,' is correct.

Glycolysis also involves the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, during which NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+; two such molecules of NADH (loosely written as 'NADH2' on this paper) are formed per glucose molecule. So statement III is correct.

✓Final answer
$The correct option is (b) II and III.$
CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Name the end product of Glycolysis.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate), the pathway's end product, along with net 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Glycolysis (also called the EMP pathway, after Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas) is the partial oxidation of glucose that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

The process: glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is broken down through a series of ten enzyme-catalysed reactions. It is first phosphorylated (using ATP) and eventually split into two three-carbon molecules, which are further oxidised and dephosphorylated. The overall result is that one 6-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two molecules of a 3-carbon compound.

End product: this 3-carbon end product is pyruvic acid (pyruvate). In this process, there is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 molecules of NADH (from NAD+) per glucose molecule.

What happens next: the fate of pyruvic acid depends on the availability of oxygen and the organism — under aerobic conditions it enters the mitochondria for the Krebs cycle (after conversion to Acetyl CoA), while under anaerobic conditions it is converted to ethanol (in yeast) or lactic acid (in muscle cells) through fermentation.

✓Final answer
$The end product of Glycolysis is pyruvic acid (pyruvate) — two molecules are produced from each molecule of glucose.$
CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. How many carbon atoms are found in pyruvic acid?$
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 5
›Reveal solutionSolution

Pyruvic acid has the molecular formula CH3-CO-COOH, which contains 3 carbon atoms.

Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon each), along with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH:

Glucose (C6H12O6) → 2 Pyruvic acid (CH3-CO-COOH)

Each pyruvic acid molecule has: one methyl carbon (CH3-), one carbonyl carbon (-CO-), and one carboxyl carbon (-COOH) — three carbons in total. This 3-carbon pyruvate then goes on to either fermentation (anaerobic) or enters the mitochondria for aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle).

✓Final answer
$The correct option is (a) 3 — pyruvic acid contains 3 carbon atoms.$
CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Match the column. Item: Cytoplasm$
(a) Stigma
(b) Cell division
(c) Platyhelminthes
(d) Cochlea
(e) Earthworm
(f) Lactation
(g) Glycolysis
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis, the universal first step of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm, so Cytoplasm is matched with Glycolysis.

Unlike the later stages of aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, both of which occur inside the mitochondria), glycolysis is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and takes place entirely in the cytosol/cytoplasm of the cell, not requiring any membrane-bound organelle. In this pathway, one glucose molecule (6C) is broken down through a series of ten enzyme-catalysed steps into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C each), with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Because this process is localised to the cytoplasm, Cytoplasm is correctly matched with Glycolysis.

✓Final answer
$Cytoplasm matches with (g) Glycolysis.$
CBSE 2022Set ANN1 mark
$Q. Name the process which is common for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm, is the one process common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Respiration begins in the cytoplasm with glycolysis, in which one molecule of glucose (6C) is partially oxidised to two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C), with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. This pathway does not require oxygen. After glycolysis, the pathway diverges: in the presence of O2 (aerobic respiration), pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion for the TCA cycle and electron transport chain; in the absence of O2 (anaerobic respiration/fermentation), pyruvic acid is instead converted to ethanol + CO2 or to lactic acid. Since glycolysis precedes this branch point in both pathways, it is the process common to both.

✓Final answer
$Glycolysis$
CBSE 2021Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Glycolysis takes place in$
(a) mitochondria
(b) grana
(c) endoplasmic reticulum
(d) cytoplasm
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic (cytosolic) process, common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, independent of the presence of oxygen. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose (6-carbon) is partially oxidised and split into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon each), with a net gain of 2 ATP (via substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH.

The mitochondria (option a) is where the subsequent steps of aerobic respiration — the Krebs cycle in the matrix and the electron transport chain on the inner membrane — occur, not glycolysis. Grana (option b) are stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts, related to photosynthesis, not respiration. The endoplasmic reticulum (option c) is involved in protein/lipid synthesis and transport, not glycolysis.

✓Final answer
$The correct option is (d) cytoplasm.$
CBSE 2020Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q._______ is the common pathway for aerobic and anaerobic respiration.$
(a) Krebs' cycle
(b) ETS
(c) Calvin cycle
(d) Glycolysis
›Reveal solutionSolution

(d) Glycolysis — the common cytoplasmic pathway shared by aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Glycolysis is the universal first stage of respiration common to both its aerobic and anaerobic forms.

Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, yielding a small net gain of ATP and NADH, without requiring oxygen. This pathway is common to every respiring cell: under aerobic conditions the pyruvate is subsequently oxidised via the Krebs' cycle and the electron transport system (ETS) inside mitochondria, while under anaerobic conditions the same pyruvate is instead fermented to ethanol/CO2 or lactic acid. Krebs' cycle and ETS operate only in aerobic respiration, and Calvin cycle belongs to photosynthesis, not respiration.

✓Final answer
$(d) Glycolysis — the common cytoplasmic pathway shared by aerobic and anaerobic respiration.$
CBSE 2020Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. How many pyruvic acids are formed after glycolysis of one molecule of glucose ?$
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
›Reveal solutionSolution

Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose (6C) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C each), with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) occurs in the cytoplasm and is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is phosphorylated and eventually cleaved into two 3-carbon sugar-phosphate units, which are each oxidised through a series of steps to yield pyruvic acid. Since each glucose molecule is split into two halves, exactly two molecules of pyruvate are produced per glucose, along with a net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

✓Final answer
$(a) 2 pyruvic acid molecules.$

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Q.Phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis is catalysed by

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