History · Ch 6 — Bhakti–Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts
The Alvars and Nayanars of Tamil Nadu
The Alvars and Nayanars of Tamil Nadu
The earliest bhakti movements in the Indian subcontinent began around the sixth century in Tamil Nadu. They were led by two distinct groups of poet-saints: the Alvars and the Nayanars.
The word Alvar literally means “one who is immersed” — immersed in devotion to Vishnu. The Nayanar means “leader” — these were devotees of Shiva. Both groups travelled from place to place, singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their respective gods.
During their travels, the Alvars and Nayanars identified certain shrines as the special abodes of their chosen deities. These were not random spots; they were places where the saint felt a direct, personal presence of the god. Very often, large temples were later built at these sacred sites. Over time, these temples developed into major centres of pilgrimage.
The hymns composed by these poet-saints were not just personal expressions of devotion. They became an integral part of the temple rituals performed at these shrines. Additionally, the worship of the saints’ images themselves became a part of temple practice. This means the Alvars and Nayanars were not only poets but also revered figures whose own likenesses were venerated.
The Alvars and Nayanars represent the earliest organised, popular bhakti movements in the subcontinent. Their emphasis on singing hymns in the local language (Tamil) and their connection to specific temple sites were revolutionary for their time.
Key points to remember:
- Time period: Around the sixth century CE.
- Alvars: Devotees of Vishnu; the name means “immersed” in devotion. …