Q.Explain what is meant by alliance politics, and assess how coalition governments have affected the working of Indian democracy.

Defection, the act of a legislator abandoning their political party to join another or to become independent, has played a profound and often disruptive role in Indian politics. While seemingly a matter of individual choice, its widespread practice has deeply influenced government formation, stability, and the very nature of democratic representation. This phenomenon became particularly pronounced after the era of single-party dominance began to wane, revealing the vulnerabilities of coalition politics and the pursuit of power.

The motivations behind defection are multifaceted, though often rooted in personal ambition and the pursuit of political office. Legislators might defect for a ministerial berth, a more powerful position, or simply to be part of the ruling dispensation. While ideological differences are sometimes cited, they frequently serve as a convenient justification for what are essentially opportunistic moves. Financial incentives, though harder to prove, are also widely believed to play a role in encouraging such shifts.

The immediate consequence of defection is often political instability. When a significant number of legislators switch parties, it can lead to the collapse of state governments or even threaten the stability of the central government. This constant threat of defections makes it difficult for ruling parties to maintain a stable majority, forcing them into precarious alliances and often diverting their focus from governance to managing internal dissent and external threats from opposition parties.

Historically, the period following the 1967 general elections marked a significant turning point for defection in India. The Congress party, for the first time, lost power in several states, leading to the formation of various coalition governments. This era saw an unprecedented rise in defections, famously encapsulated by the phrase "Aaya Ram Gaya Ram" (Ram came, Ram went). This idiom originated from the case of Gaya Lal, a Haryana MLA who changed his party three times within a single day in 1967, highlighting the rampant and often farcical nature of political opportunism. This period underscored the urgent need for legislative measures to curb such practices, as they undermined the mandate given by the electorate and made a mockery of political principles.

To address this growing menace, the Parliament enacted the Anti-Defection Law through the 52nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1985. This landmark legislation aimed to prevent legislators from switching parties for personal gain and to strengthen party discipline. The law stipulated that a Member of Parliament or a State Legislature would be disqualified if they:

• Voluntarily gave up membership of their political party.
• Voted or abstained from voting in the House contrary to any direction issued by their political party, without obtaining prior permission.

The Speaker or the Chairman of the respective House was designated as the final authority to decide on disqualification cases. While the law initially allowed for splits (one-third of members breaking away) and mergers (two-thirds of members merging with another party) without disqualification, these provisions were later reviewed. …

In India's multi-party democratic system, it is common for political parties to form alliances, especially when no single party is expected to win a clear majority in general elections. These alliances, often formed before elections, allow parties with similar ideologies or shared interests to contest together, pool their votes, and collectively aim to form a government. The period leading up to 2014 had largely been an era of coalition governments at the Centre, where alliances were crucial for political stability and governance.

The general elections held in April-May 2014 marked a significant shift in Indian politics. Several political parties came together to form a pre-election alliance, which then contested the elections. This alliance was known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA).