Q.Define planning and explain any four of its features.

Planning is the starting point of the management process, and the syllabus expects both its definition and the features that make it distinct from the other four functions.

Planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done, and who is to do it, so as to bridge the gap between where the organisation is today and where it wants to reach.

Four of its features:

1. Primary function — planning is performed first, since all other functions (organising, staffing, directing, controlling) are carried out to achieve the plan.
2. Pervasive — planning is done at every level of the organisation, though the scope of planning differs by level.
3. Continuous process — plans are made for a specific period; once that period passes, fresh plans have to be made for the next period, so planning never truly stops.
4. Futuristic — planning always involves looking ahead, forecasting future conditions, and preparing for them in advance.

Describing planning as something done only once at the start of an organisation's life, rather than as a continuous process repeated for every new period.