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Ch 2Functions of Management — Class 12 Commerce, concept-first.

Management is commonly described as the performance of five interrelated functions — planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling — carried out continuously so that an organisation moves from where it is to where it wants to be.

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Key concepts

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Planning

Planning is the primary, pervasive, continuous, and futuristic management function of deciding in advance what is to be done, how, when, and by whom, through a definite process of setting objectives, developing premises,…

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Chapter contents

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1

Planning

Management is commonly described as the performance of five interrelated functions — planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling — carried out continuously so that an organisation moves…

2

Planning Process and Types of Plans

The planning process is usually described in the following steps: (1) setting objectives — what is to be achieved; (2) developing premises — the assumptions about the future environment on which the p…

3

Organising

Organising is the process of identifying and grouping the activities to be performed, dividing them among individuals, assigning them the necessary authority to carry them out, and establishing relati…

4

Delegation and Decentralisation

Delegation is the downward transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate, so that the subordinate can perform an assigned task on the superior's behalf.

5

Staffing

Staffing is the management function concerned with obtaining, utilising, and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied workforce — putting the right person into the right job.

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Directing

Directing is the management function that instructs, guides, communicates with, and inspires people in the organisation to achieve its objectives.

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Controlling

Controlling is the management function of ensuring that actual organisational activities conform to planned activities — it is the process of measuring actual performance against planned/standard perf…

Exercises

+Show 10 questions10 questions
  1. Q1Define planning and explain any four of its features.Free
  2. Q2Distinguish between a policy and a procedure, giving one example of each.Free
  3. Q3Explain the steps involved in the process of organising.Free
  4. Q4Distinguish between functional structure and divisional structure of organisation.Preview
  5. Q5"Authority, responsibility and accountability always go together." Explain the meaning of each and how they are related to delegation.Preview
  6. Q6How is decentralisation different from delegation? Explain any two points of difference.Preview
  7. Q7Explain briefly the steps involved in the staffing process.Preview
  8. Q8"Directing is said to be the heart of management." Explain the four elements of directing.Preview
  9. Q9Distinguish between formal and informal communication, with one example of each.Preview
  10. Q10Explain the steps in the process of controlling, and show how controlling is related to planning.Preview

Sample & Board Papers

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.

+Show 12 questions12 questions
  1. Q1Which is the primary function of Management? (a) Decision - making (b) Innovating (c) Controlling (d) PlanningPreview
  2. Q2Which of the following is not a main function of management ? (a) Organising (b) Decision-making (c) Staffing (d) PlanningPreview
  3. Q3(a) Explain any five main functions of management. OR (b) Explain the impact of LPG on Indian Economy.Preview
  4. Q4The goals are achieved with the help of ______. (a) Planning (b) Motivation (c) Staffing (d) ControllingPreview
  5. Q5List out the main functions of Management.Preview
  6. Q6Which one of the following is not classified into Managerial functions ? (a) Organising (b) Planning (c) Controlling (d) MarketingPreview
  7. Q7List the subsidiary functions of Management.Preview
  8. Q8Which is the primary function of Management ? (a) Planning (b) Innovating (c) Decision-making (d) ControllingPreview
  9. Q9Planning is a ______ function. (a) Selective (b) Pervasive (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the abovePreview
  10. Q10What is meant by Motivation ?Preview
  11. Q11How the employees are informed about important matters in a company?Preview
  12. Q12(a) Explain the various functions of Management. (any 5) OR (b) Describe briefly the different types of Directors. (any 5)Preview