Q.Prove that [a−b, b−c, c−a]=0.
Concept understanding — Scalar Triple Product and Coplanarity
Scalar Triple Product and Coplanarity
The scalar triple product of vectors a,b,c is
[a b c]=a⋅(b×c), equal to the
determinant of their components. Geometrically its absolute value is the volume of the parallelepiped built on the three vectors, and it is unchanged under cyclic
permutation but changes sign under a swap.
Three vectors are coplanar exactly when this volume is zero:
[a b c]=0.
This condition, written as a 3×3 determinant set to zero, is the standard way to
find an unknown that makes vectors coplanar. Related magnitudes such as
∣b×c∣ (area of a face) and dot products a⋅b combine with
the triple product in identities like Lagrange's, letting one relate
(p⋅q)2 and ∣r×q∣2 for vectors constrained to be
coplanar.
The scalar triple product and the coplanarity condition it gives are part of the NCERT/CBSE Class 12 Mathematics "Vector Algebra" chapter, matching "scalar triple product and coplanarity of vectors class 12 maths" searches. This determinant-based test is a frequently asked JEE Main and JEE Advanced vector-algebra question.
(a−b)+(b−c)+(c−a)=0, so the three vectors are automatically linearly dependent, hence coplanar.
Since the three vectors sum to 0, they are coplanar, so [a−b, b−c, c−a]=0. ■
The three vectors a−b, b−c, c−a always add up to the zero vector, no matter what a,b,c are — and any three vectors satisfying such a linear relation are automatically coplanar (Theorem 6.5), forcing their scalar triple product to vanish.
Step 1. Notice the sum.
(a−b)+(b−c)+(c−a)=a−b+b−c+c−a=0.
Step 2. Apply the coplanarity criterion (Theorem 6.5). Three vectors p,q,r are coplanar iff there exist scalars r,s,t, not all zero, with rp+sq+tr=0. Here 1⋅(a−b)+1⋅(b−c)+1⋅(c−a)=0 with all three coefficients equal to 1=0 — so this criterion is satisfied automatically.
Step 3. Conclude coplanarity. a−b, b−c, c−a are ALWAYS coplanar, for every choice of a,b,c.
Step 4. Apply Theorem 6.4. Since they are coplanar, their scalar triple product is 0:
[a−b, b−c, c−a]=0.
(Cross-check by direct expansion: (a−b)⋅[(b−c)×(c−a)] expands, after dropping every term of the form x⋅(x×y)=0, to a⋅(b×c)−b⋅(c×a)=[a,b,c]−[a,b,c]=0, confirming the identity holds for every a,b,c, not just special cases.)*
[a−b, b−c, c−a]=0 for every a,b,c, since the three vectors always sum to 0 and hence are coplanar. ■
Notice the three vectors sum to zero, hence are automatically coplanar
- Trying to expand the full determinant symbolically instead of spotting the much faster linear-dependence shortcut
- Thinking the identity holds only for special a,b,c rather than universally
Showing the 12 most recent of 15 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The value of i^⋅(j^×k^)+j^⋅(i^×k^)+k^⋅(i^×j^) is(a) 0(b) -1(c) 1(d) 3
›Reveal solutionSolution
Evaluate each cross product first using the standard identities for i^,j^,k^, then take the dot products.
Standard identities: i^×j^=k^, j^×k^=i^, k^×i^=j^ (and reversing the order flips the sign).
Term 1: i^⋅(j^×k^)=i^⋅i^=1
Term 2: j^⋅(i^×k^). Since i^×k^=−(k^×i^)=−j^:
j^⋅(−j^)=−1
Term 3: k^⋅(i^×j^)=k^⋅k^=1
Sum:
1+(−1)+1=1
✓Final answer(c) 1
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If a vector α lies in the plane β and γ, then(a) [α,β,γ]=0(b) [α,β,γ]=1(c) [α,β,γ]=2(d) [α,β,γ]=−1
›Reveal solutionSolution
A vector lying in the plane of two others can be written as their linear combination, making all three coplanar with zero scalar triple product.
- If α lies in the plane of β and γ, then α=mβ+nγ for some scalars m,n, i.e. α,β,γ are linearly dependent.
- Geometrically, this means all three vectors lie in the same plane (are coplanar).
- The scalar triple product [α,β,γ]=α⋅(β×γ) represents the (signed) volume of the parallelepiped formed by the three vectors.
- Coplanar vectors form a degenerate parallelepiped with zero height above the plane, so its volume — and hence the scalar triple product — is zero.
✓Final answer(a) [α,β,γ]=0
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The value of i^⋅(j^×k^)+j^⋅(k^×i^)+k^⋅(i^×j^) is(a) 0(b) 1(c) 2(d) 3
›Reveal solutionSolution
Each scalar triple product i^⋅(j^×k^) etc. equals 1 by the right-hand rule.
For the standard orthonormal basis i^,j^,k^:
j^×k^=i^⟹i^⋅(j^×k^)=i^⋅i^=1
k^×i^=j^⟹j^⋅(k^×i^)=j^⋅j^=1
i^×j^=k^⟹k^⋅(i^×j^)=k^⋅k^=1
Sum =1+1+1=3.
✓Final answer3 — option (d)
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The volume of the parallelepiped with its edges represented by the vectors i^+j^, i^+2j^, i^+j^+πk^ is :(a) π(b) 2π(c) 4π(d) 3π
›Reveal solutionSolution
The volume of a parallelepiped is the absolute value of the scalar triple product of its edge vectors, computed as a 3×3 determinant.
- Edge vectors: a=i^+j^=(1,1,0), b=i^+2j^=(1,2,0), c=i^+j^+πk^=(1,1,π).
- Volume =∣[a,b,c]∣=det11112100π.
- Expand along the first row: 1⋅(2⋅π−0⋅1)−1⋅(1⋅π−0⋅1)+0⋅(1⋅1−2⋅1).
- =1(2π)−1(π)+0=2π−π=π.
- Since π>0, the volume =∣π∣=π.
✓Final answer(a) π
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The value of (i^×j^)⋅k^+(j^×k^)⋅i^ is(a) 1(b) 2(c) 0(d) -1
›Reveal solutionSolution
Use the cyclic cross-product rules of the unit vectors, then dot.
Recall the standard cross products:
i^×j^=k^,j^×k^=i^.
Therefore
(i^×j^)⋅k^=k^⋅k^=1,
(j^×k^)⋅i^=i^⋅i^=1.
Adding,
(i^×j^)⋅k^+(j^×k^)⋅i^=1+1=2.
✓Final answer(b) 2
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If a vector α lies in the plane of β and γ, then :(a) [α,β,γ]=0(b) [α,β,γ]=1(c) [α,β,γ]=2(d) [α,β,γ]=−1
›Reveal solutionSolution
A vector lying in the plane spanned by two others is a linear combination of them, making the three coplanar and their scalar triple product zero.
- If α lies in the plane of β and γ, then α=mβ+nγ for some scalars m,n — i.e. α,β,γ are linearly dependent (coplanar).
- The scalar triple product [α,β,γ] measures the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the three vectors; coplanar vectors form a degenerate (flat) parallelepiped of zero volume.
- Hence [α,β,γ]=0.
✓Final answer(a) [α,β,γ]=0
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The value of [i^+j^ 2j^ 3k^] is ................. .(a) 0(b) 6(c) 3(d) 5
›Reveal solutionSolution
The scalar triple product [aˉ bˉ cˉ] equals the determinant of the vectors written as rows.
The three vectors are aˉ=i^+j^=(1,1,0), bˉ=2j^=(0,2,0), cˉ=3k^=(0,0,3).
[aˉ bˉ cˉ]=100120003
Since this is an upper-triangular determinant, its value is the product of the diagonal entries:
1×2×3=6
✓Final answer[i^+j^ 2j^ 3k^]=6 (option b).
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The value of [î ĵ k̂] is -(a) 0(b) 1(c) 2(d) 3
›Reveal solutionSolution
The scalar triple product of the unit vectors along the axes equals 1, since they form a right-handed orthonormal system.
[i^ j^ k^]=i^⋅(j^×k^)
Since j^×k^=i^:
i^⋅(j^×k^)=i^⋅i^=1
✓Final answer[i^ j^ k^]=1 — option (b).
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If a=i^+j^+k^, b=2i^+xj^+k^, c=i^−j^+4k^ and a⋅(b×c)=70 then x is equal to:(a) 26(b) 5(c) 10(d) 7
›Reveal solutionSolution
Solving the determinant equation for the scalar triple product gives x=26.
a⋅(b×c)=1211x−1114
Expanding along the first row:
=1(4x−(−1))−1(8−1)+1(−2−x)=(4x+1)−7+(−2−x)=3x−8.
Setting this equal to 70:
3x−8=70 ⇒ 3x=78 ⇒ x=26.
✓Final answerx=26 — option (a).
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The value of i^⋅(j^×k^)+j^⋅(i^×k^)+k^⋅(i^×j^) is(a) 0(b) -1(c) 1(d) 3
›Reveal solutionSolution
Use the standard cross products j^×k^=i^, i^×k^=−j^, i^×j^=k^, then dot each.
Evaluate each term separately:
i^⋅(j^×k^)=i^⋅i^=1,
j^⋅(i^×k^)=j^⋅(−j^)=−1,
k^⋅(i^×j^)=k^⋅k^=1.
Adding:
1+(−1)+1=1.
✓Final answer(c) 1.
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If a and b are parallel vectors then [a,c,b] is equal to :(a) 1(b) 2(c) 0(d) −1
›Reveal solutionSolution
Parallel vectors are linearly dependent, so any triple containing both is automatically coplanar and its scalar triple product vanishes.
- The scalar triple product [a,c,b]=a⋅(c×b) represents (up to sign) the volume of the parallelepiped formed by a,b,c.
- If a and b are parallel, b=λa for some scalar λ, so a,b,c are linearly dependent (they lie in, at most, a plane).
- Three coplanar (linearly dependent) vectors always have zero scalar triple product, since the "parallelepiped" they form is flat (zero volume).
- Hence [a,c,b]=0.
✓Final answer(c) 0
- CBSE 2022Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If the vectors 2i^−j^+3k^, 3i^+2j^+k^, i^+mj^+4k^ are coplanar, then the value of m is :(a) 2(b) 3(c) −2(d) −3
›Reveal solutionSolution
Coplanarity requires the scalar triple product (determinant of the three vectors) to be zero, which solves to m=−3.
- The vectors are a=2i^−j^+3k^, b=3i^+2j^+k^, c=i^+mj^+4k^.
- Three vectors are coplanar if and only if their scalar triple product [a b c]=0, i.e. 231−12m314=0.
- Expanding along the first row: 2(2⋅4−1⋅m)−(−1)(3⋅4−1⋅1)+3(3m−2⋅1).
- This is 2(8−m)+1(12−1)+3(3m−2)=(16−2m)+11+(9m−6).
- Simplifying: 16−2m+11+9m−6=21+7m.
- Setting the determinant to zero: 21+7m=0, so 7m=−21, giving m=−3.
✓Final answerm=−3 — option (d).
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