Concept understanding — Scalar and Vector Product of Four Vectors
Two master identities connect FOUR vectors at once, both proved from the vector-triple-product expansion a×(b×c)=(a⋅c)b−(a⋅b)c.
Jacobi's identity. For any three vectors a,b,c:
a×(b×c)+b×(c×a)+c×(a×b)=0.
Expanding all three terms and using x⋅y=y⋅x, every term cancels a partner exactly — the three "cyclic" vector triple products of any three vectors always balance. This is what lets you compute an unknown fourth vector triple product from the other three, or prove a combination is automatically 0 without any component bookkeeping.
Lagrange's identity. For any FOUR vectors a,b,c,d:
It converts the dot product of two cross products — normally requiring you to compute both cross products first — into just FOUR ordinary dot products, arranged as a 2×2 determinant. Setting c=a,d=b recovers the familiar ∣a×b∣2=∣a∣2∣b∣2−(a⋅b)2. …
Applying the vector triple product expansion to p×(c×d) with p=a×b produces two scalar triple products, [a,b,d] and [a,b,c] — and coplanarity of all four vectors makes both of these exactly zero.
Step 1. Apply the vector triple product expansion. With p=a×b:
Step 2. Use the coplanarity hypothesis on [a,b,c]. Since a,b,c,d are all coplanar, in particular a,b,c are three coplanar vectors, so [a,b,c]=0 (Theorem 6.4). …