Q.What is solid waste? List the major sources of solid waste generated in a typical Indian urban household and city.

Solid waste management deals with everything discarded as trash — municipal solid waste from homes, offices, shops, schools and hospitals, typically comprising paper, food waste, plastics, glass, metals, rubber, leather and textiles. Traditional disposal by open burning or open dumping is problematic (incomplete combustion, breeding grounds for rats and flies), and even sanitary landfills — where compacted waste is buried and covered with soil daily — are running out of capacity as waste generation rises, while also risking groundwater contamination from chemical seepage.

Effective solid waste management depends on sorting waste at source into biodegradable, recyclable and non-biodegradable categories, reducing generation of non-biodegradable packaging (much of it plastic), and channelling recyclable material back into use — as India's rag-pickers and kabadiwallahs already do informally. Special categories require dedicated handling: hazardous hospital waste is typically incinerated, and electronic waste (e-waste), often exported from developed to developing countries for the recovery of valuable metals, needs environmentally safe recycling facilities rather than unsafe manual handling. Innovative recycling, such as blending waste plastic into road-surfacing bitumen, shows how solid waste can be converted into a useful resource rather than simply discarded.