Q."Globalisation has shifted power from nation-states to global consumers." Support the statement with two arguments.

Globalisation has indeed altered the traditional role of the state, making it more responsive to global consumers rather than acting solely as a sovereign authority.

First, multinational corporations now produce goods for a global market, not just a national one. A consumer in India can choose a smartphone designed in California, assembled in China, and sold by a Korean company. This forces domestic firms to match global standards of quality and price, or lose customers. The state cannot simply protect its own industries by raising tariffs, because consumers will demand access to better or cheaper foreign products, often through online platforms that bypass local regulations. …

The idea that globalisation has shifted power away from nation-states and toward global consumers rests on two fundamental changes in how the world economy operates. First, consumers today can choose products and services from anywhere in the world, and their collective preferences directly determine which companies thrive and which fail. A government may try to protect a domestic industry through tariffs or subsidies, but if global consumers simply refuse to buy that industry's goods — because they are too expensive, lower quality, or ethically questionable — the protection becomes meaningless. For example, when consumers across multiple countries simultaneously boycott a brand over environmental or labour concerns, that brand's revenues collapse regardless of what its home government does. The power to reward or punish now lies with millions of individual buyers, not with a handful of policymakers. …